-
What does tonic mean?
tone of the muscle
-
What refers to the background tension of a muscle at rest?
tone
-
what is "iso"?
same or equal
-
What is "metric"?
length (measurement)
-
The length of the muscle changes while the tone remains constant is what?
isotonic
-
What is isometric?
the length remains constant while the tone changes
-
What three ways can muscles obtain ATP?
- phosphagen system
- glycogen/lactic acid system
- aerobic system
-
What does use oxygen and provides more immediate supply of ATP but is not as productive?
Anaerobic mechanisms
-
What does use oxygen and takes more time but yields high amounts of ATP?
aerobic mechanisms
-
What is myoglobin?
a molecule that holds oxygen within muscle cells as an immediate source of oxygen for the cell
-
What is glycogen?
long chain of glucose molecules stored in muscle cells for an immediate source of glucose
-
What system?
involves using pre-made ATP
if fully used, lasts about 10 seconds
provides for the strongest or fastest performances
phosphagen system
-
What system?
anaerobic
convert 1 glucose molecule into a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
fairly rapid and lasts about 1-2 min.
produces lactic acid
glycogen/lactic acid system
-
What system?
uses oxygen
concerts 1 glucose into 38 ATP molecules
requires a decrease in strength and speed
unlimited duration
aerobic system
-
what are the functions of the nervous system?
- internal coordination
- internal and external sensation
- store info.
-
What is the CNS composed of?
any nervous tissue and cells of the brain and spinal cord
-
What does the CNS do?
- processing of info.
- conduction of signals
-
What is the PNS include?
any nervous tissue and cells outside of the brain and spinal cord
-
What does the PNS do?
provides sensation and motor effects
-
What is the ANS?
involves involuntary nervous tissue and cells
-
What is the SNS?
voluntary actions of nervous tissues and cells
-
What can be organized furthur into a sympathetic nervous system and a parasympathetic nervous system?
ANS
-
What is the fight or flight response that stimulates muscles, heart and respiratory?
sympathetic nervous system
-
What is "restin' and digestin'" that stimulates urinary and digestive system?
parasympathetic nervous system
-
What are neurons?
cells of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals as a form of communication
-
What are characteristics of neurons?
- excitable
- conductive
- secretion
-
What three types of neurons are there?
-
What detects stimulation in the body or environment and conducts it to the CNS?
sensory neurons
-
What conducts electrical signals from the CNS to the PNS?
motor neurons
-
What processes info, only in the CNS and has no snesation?
interneuron
-
Why can't we feel our brain being touched?
because of interneurons
-
What are the three major REGIONS to a neuron?
-
What are dendrites?
branch like extensions off of the the main body of the cell
-
detects changes in the environment around them and conduct those changes in the form of electricity to the soma is what?
dendrites
-
What is the soma?
main cell body of the neuron (nucleus, cytosol, organells)
-
What processes the info from the dendrites and can generate electrical signals to be sent down the axon to a target cell?
soma
-
What is the axon?
long extension off of the soma that extends out to the target cell
-
What conducts electrical signals from the soma to the target cells?
axon
-
In motor neurons especially, special helper cells called _____ encase the axon along it's length
schwann cells
-
What provides 2 layers important to the axon?
Schwann cells
-
Gaps between Schwann cells are called what?
nodes of ranvier
-
what is the branched ending of the axon?
terminal arborization
-
each branch has what at it's end (of terminal arborization)
synaptic knob
-
What are the 2 layers of the schwann cell?
-
What stimulates the axon?
myelin
-
What is composed of a fatty protein called myelin?
myelin sheath
-
What speeds up the signal in the neuron?
myelin sheath
-
What is the outer layer created by the schwann cell?
neurilemma
-
What provides a continuous "sleeve" that helps a severed axon regrow back to it's target cells?
neurilemma
-
What are the 6 types of neuroglia?
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglia
- astrocytes
- schwann cells
- satelite cells
-
What are the neuroglia?
helper cells of the nervous system
-
What 4 neuroglia are only in the CNS?
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglia
- astrocytes
-
What 2 neuroglia are only found in the PNS?
- schwann cells
- satelite cells
-
What does oligodendrocytes do?
provide myelin for CNS axons
-
What does ependymal cells do?
produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
-
What does microglia do?
macrophages of the CNS
-
What does astrocytes do?
create a blood/brain barrier
-
What do schwanna cells do?
create myelin and neurilemma around PNS axons
-
What do satelite cells do?
support soma of PNS neurons
-
What is large surge of electricity that travels down an axon to target cells and is synonymous with electrical waves or signals?
action potential
-
What does polarity mean?
separate
-
Because the ECF has mostly positively charged ions at first, the ECF carries what?
a strong positive charge
-
What is the way to quantify the charge within the axon before, during and after an action potential?
membrane potential
-
When an action is ready to send a signal, the inside of the axon has a resting potential of -70mV is what?
resting potential
-
What is the value of the axon's charge where it will respond by creating a signal. An axon's threshold potential is -55 mV
threshold potential
-
the axon's potential at the peak of the signal is +35mV
peak action potential
-
what are the 3 functions of the spinal cord?
- conduction
- reflexes
- locomotion
-
In the spinal cord, there is a large gathering of what?
myelinated and unmyelinated neurons
-
Conduction of the spinal cord allows the ___ and ____ to have an efficient route for communication.
PNS, brain
-
How many pairs of spinal nerves are off of the spinal cord?
31
-
What neurons gather and enter in the back of the spinal cord?
sensory neurons
-
What neurons gather and exit out the front of the spinal cord?
motor neurons
-
What are meninges?
protective group of 3 tissue layers
-
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
- dura mater-outermost
- arachnoid mater-middle
- pia matter- innermost
-
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
cerebrospinal fluid
-
Functions of the brain?
- learning
- memory
- control of other organs and tissues
- processing of sensory info.
-
What is the largest region of the brain that is convaluted (has folds)
cerebrum
-
The cerebrums outer layer is grey matter known as what?
cerebral cortex
-
What is surrounded by meninges?
cerebrum
-
The cerebrum is separated by what into two hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
-
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has how many lobes?
4
-
What is the frontal lobes' functions?
- memory
- personality
- emotions
- problem solving
- decision making
-
What is the parietal lobes' function?
primary sensory area
-
What is the occipital lobe's function?
primary visual center
-
What is the temporal lobes' function?
primary auditory center
-
Where is the corpus collosum located?
below the cerebrum
-
What is the "C" shaped area of the cerebrum at its deepest and most inferior region?
corpus collosum
-
What provides a link between the 2 hemispheres of the brain?
corpus collosum
-
What is located inferior to the corpus callosum and superior to the brain stem and has two regions?
diencephalon
-
what is the function of the thalamus?
receives sensory info. from all over the body and directs info. to correct area of the brain
-
Where is the hypothalamus located?
it tapers to extend into the pituitary gland
-
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
it monitors and manages many aspects of homeostasis
-
The brain stem is a collection of what?
3 structures
-
What is the most inferior region of the brain?
brain stem
-
what happens in the midbrain?
- auditory location
- visual tracking
-
what is visual tracking?
the use of eye and neck muscles to follow objects
-
What happens in the pons?
- urinary bladder control
- facial expressions (controlling own, recognizing others)
-
What is the pneumetaxic (moving air) area of the brain?
the pons
-
what happens in the medulla oblongata?
- controls respirations
- cardiovascular rate area
-
Where is the cerebellum?
inferior to the occipital lobe
-
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates skeletal muscle movement.
-
Damage to what area can lead to tremors or symptoms of parkinson disease?
cerebellum
-
What is cerebral spinal fluid produced by?
ependymal cells
-
What flows through subarachnoid spaces of meninges and also flows through the chamber of brain and spinal cord?
cerebral spinal fluid
-
What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid?
- rinses CNS-removes waste
- allows brain and spinal cord to float
-
What are the 3 functions of blood?
- provide a means for transportation in the body
- protection
- regulation
-
What does the blood transport?
- nutrients
- electrolytes
- waste product
- water
- gases
- hormones
- heat
-
What, in the blood can protect against many infectious agents?
leukocytes
-
What are antibodies?
protect against previously encountered foreign antigens
-
What helps stop bleeding?
platelets and blood proteins
-
What initiates the inflamation response?
blood
-
By being made of ____, blood can be transported everywhere and help manage water levels
water
-
What does the blood contain that helps balance the pH of the body's fluids?
buffers
-
What does blood regulate?
body temp
-
What is plasma?
liquid part of the blood
-
What is found in plasma?
- mostly water
- proteins
- electrolytes
- lipids
- glucose
- hormones
- gases
- wastes
-
What are the two blood components?
-
What are the formed elements in the blood?
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets (thromocytes)
-
What have a discoid shape and lack a nucleus?
erythrocytes
-
How long do erythrocytes last?
live about 120 days
-
Where are erythrocytes created?
red bone marrow
-
What is the function of erythrocytes?
transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
-
What is hemoglovin made of?
- 4 globin proteins
- 4 heme groups
- 4 iron atoms
-
How many hemoglobins per red blood cell?
280 million
-
In hemoglobin, each iron atom can attract 1 oxygen molecule as they pass by what?
the lungs
-
Where are leukocytes created?
red bone marrow
-
What has a spheroid shape and 5 major types?
leukocytes
-
What has a grainy appearance?
granulocytes
-
What is the most common leukocyte that defends agains bacteria?
neutrophils
-
What to eosinophils do?
- defend against parasites
- respond to allergens
-
What doe basophils secrete?
- histamine that increases blood flow
- heparin to prevent clotting
-
Are Agranulocytes grainy?
no
-
What 3 types of agranulocytes are there?
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- platelets
-
What defends against viruses, foreign cells, cancer cels and create the antibodies?
lymphocytes
-
What do monocytes become?
- macrophages
- antigen-presenting cells
-
What is a cell fragment from a large cell within red bone matter that is an important component of blood clotting?
platelets
-
Where is the heart located?
thoracic cavity
-
What has a double pump?
the heart
-
Which side of the heart is the pulmonary side that has deoxygenated blood?
right side.
-
Which side of the heart is the systemic side and has oxygenated blood?
left side
-
What is the double-layered membrane sac that encases the heart?
pericardium
-
What does the pericardium do?
contains fluid between the membranes to prevent damage from friction as it beats
-
The heart wall is composed of 3 layers. What are they?
- epicardium-outermost
- myocardium-middle
- endocardium-innermost
-
Epicardium has what type of tissue?
epithelial
-
Myocardium has what type of tissue?
cardiac muscle tissue
-
What receives and holds blood. Their walls generate pressure on that blood to pump it onward.
chambers
-
What receives blood from the body through the vena cavae and sends it to the right ventricle?
right atrium
-
What receives blood from pulmonary veins and sends it to the left ventricle?
left atrium
-
What receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
-
What receives blood from left atrium and sends it to the aorta?
left ventricle
-
What are valves?
- "one-way" doors at the exit of each chamber.
- prevent the backflow of blood
-
Where is the atrioventricular valve located?
between atria and ventricles
-
What is the right side AV valve called?
right AV valve or tricuspid valve
-
what is the left side AV valve called?
left AV valve, bicuspid valve or mitral valve
-
What prevents the atrioventricular valves from opening all the way?
tendinous chords
-
Where are semilunar valves located?
the exits of the ventricles
-
What is the right side semilunar valves called?
pulmonary valve
-
What is the left side semilunar valve called?
aortic valve
-
When blood tries to fall back through these valves, the cusps fold together and close
semilunar valves
-
What are major blood vessels?
large tubes that carry blood toward or away from the heart
-
What is 2 large veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium?
vena cavae
-
where does superior vena cava come from?
arms and head
-
Where does inferior vena cava come from?
areas below the heart
-
what is a series of vessels involved with getting blood to and back from the lungs?
pulmonary blood vessels
-
What is a large artery that begins to send blood toward the lungs?
pulmonary trunk
-
what are 2 branches of the pulmonary trunk each carrying blood to a lung?
pulmonary arteries
-
what are pulmonary veins?
bring blood back from lungs to left atrium
-
What is a large artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle toward the body?
aorta
-
What are small blood vessels on the anterior surface of the heart that supply oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the myocardium?
coronary arteries
-
What is the cardiac conduction system?
nervous system of the heart
-
What is the area of specialized heart cells near the superior vena cava in the right atrium wall.
sinoatrial node (SA node)
-
What does the pacemaker do for the heart?
it's actions determine the heart rate
-
What is a group of specialized heart cells at the base of the interatrial septum?
atrioventricular node (AV node)
-
What does the AV node do?
receives signals from Sa node and sends action potentials down nerves in the interventricular spetum
-
What is the brief nerve off of the AV node that begins to descend through the IV septum?
AV bundle
-
What is two split nerves from the AV bundle that extend to the apex of the heart?
bundle branches
-
What are widespread branches of the bundle branches that extend back up through the walls of the ventricles?
purkinje fibers
-
What does the electrocardiogram do?
way to show what the conduction system is doing
-
whats the order of the electrocardiogram (terms)
Pwave, QRS complex, Twave
-
What is the amount of blood that leaves the heart at the end of one heart beat?
stroke volume
-
What is cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 min.
SV x BPM=cardiac output
-
what is tachycardia?
- faster than normal resting H.R.
- 100 bpm or more.
-
what is bradycardia
slower than normal resting H.R. 60 bpm or fewer
-
What is ventricular contraction and leads to max. measured blood pressure in the arteries?
systole
-
What is the normal systolic pressure?
120 mm Hg
-
What is ventricular relaxation that leads to a min. measured blood pressure in the arteries?
diastole
-
What is the normal diastolic pressure?
80 mm Hg
-
What are tubes through which blood flows. consists of a series of connected, widespread tubing
blood vessles
-
What is an artery?
carries blood away from the heart
-
What is a vein?
carries blood toward the heart
-
What is a capillary?
smallest of blood vessels. allows blood to slowly pass by the cells and exchanged materials
-
How many tissue layers are in veins and arteries?
3
-
What are the 3 tissue layers of veins and arteries?
- tunica externa
- tunica media
- tunica interna
-
What if the outermost layer that anchors vessels to it's spot? (veins and arteries)
tunica externa
-
What is the middle layer that has smooth muscle and allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation and has elastin
tunica media
-
What helps arteries accomodate the flucuations in pressure?
elastin
-
What is the innermost layer which has epithelial tissue and allows for smooth flow of blood?
tunica interna
-
What is 1 layer of simple squamous cells rolled into microscopic tubes?
capillary
-
what is the function of arteries and veins?
transportation
-
What is the function of capillaries?
exchange of materials between blood and cells
-
What applies pressure to veins and cause blood to move onward?
skeletal muscle contractions
-
What veins of lower extremeties have valves to prevent backflow?
valves
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