Vitamins and Minerals

• essential for vision
• needed for normal growth and development
• maintenance of bones, teeth, reproduction, integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces
• cholesterol and steroid synthesis

• irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting diarrhea
• increased intracranial pressure in infants
• peeling of skin and erythema

• regulate absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus
• extraction of calcium from bone and increase absorption from the stomach

tetany and osteomalacia

hypertension

• protect polyunsaturated fatty acids
• antioxidant properties

essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors

• required for metabolic pathways
• carbohydrate metabolism
• integrity of peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular, GI tract

• metabolic disorders, beriberi, Wernicke's encephalopathy, peripheral neuritis, neuritis of pregnancy
• management of poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, chronic diarrhea, cerebellar syndrome or ataxia
• oral insect repellant

• convert two coenzyme essential for tissue respiration
• carbohydrate catabolism
• required to active vitamin B6
• converts tryptophan into niacin
• maintains erythrocyte integrity

• longstanding infections, liver disease, alcoholism, malignancy, probenecid taking
• microcytic anemia, acne, migraine headache, congenital methemoglobinemia, muscle cramps, Goalan's syndrome

• carbohydrate, protein, purine, and lipid metabolism, tissue respiration
• glycogenolysis
• antilipemic drug

pellagra and hyperlipidemia

liver disease, severe hypotension, arterial hemorrhage, active peptic ulcer disease

flushing, pruritis, and GI distress

• protein, carbohydrate, and lipid utilization 
• conversion of amino acid tryptophan to niacin and serotonin
• necessary for integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes, hematopoietic system

seizures, morning sickness, metabolic disorders

nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis, cell reproduction, normal growth, hematopoiesis, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis

pernicious and megoblastic anemia

itching, transitory diarrhea, fever

• collagen synthesis and connective tissue maintenance, tissue repair, folic acid metabolism, erythropoiesis, synthesis of lipids, proteins, and steroids
• maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries
• iron absorption, aids in cellular respiration, aids in resistance to infections

pregnancy, lactation, hyperthyroidism, fever, stress, infection, trauma, burns, smoking, cold exposure, certain drug use

nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, acid urine

• teeth and skeletal bone, coagulation pathway catalyst, coafactor in clotting reaction
• maintenance and function of nervous, muscular, and skeletal muscles, renal function, respiration, cell membrane and capillary permeability
• enzyme reaction catalyst

ventricular fibrillation of the heart

• anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation
• Injection: burning, necrosis, sloughing of tissue, cellulitis, soft tissue calcification

• cofactor
• required for muscle contraction and nerve function and produces an anticonvulsant effect
• essential for enzyme systems associated with energy metabolism

anticonvulsant, pregnancy complications, inhibit uterine contractions, pediatric acute nephropathy, cardiac dysrythmias, constipation

heart block, renal failure, adrenal gland failure, hepatitis

tendon reflex loss, difficult bowel movements, CNS depression, respiratory distress and heart block, hypothermia

• synthesis of DNA, AMP, ADP, ATP
• necessary for the development and maintenance of the skeletal system and teeth

• diarrhea,  nausea, vomiting, GI disturbances
• confusion, weakness, breathing difficulties