-
Germinal Period
•the zygote is formed
•the placenta is formed
- lasts
- 2 weeks after conception)
-
Embryonic Period
•most critical and delicate phase
•organs and other systems are formed
-
Fetal Period
•longest stage of prenatal development
•systems and organs complete their development
- •neural activity in the brain increases and the fetus
- functions more independently
-
Threats to Prenatal Development
- §Sickle-cell anemia- blood
- disorder causing red blood cells to take a sickled shape
- §Phenylketonuria (PKU)- can cause
- mental retardation
- §fragile X syndrome-
- result from mutations
- or changes in parts of the X chromosome
-
Teratogens
- §Any foreign substance or agent that increases the risk
- of abnormal development and growth of the embryo or fetus.
- §The mother’s diet, exercise, drinking (alcohol), and
- smoking habits can all introduce teratogens into the prenatal environment
-
Physical Development in Adolescence
- §Puberty- Physical changes
- in the body in which the child’s sex organs mature signaling that sexual
- reproduction is possible.
- §Growth spurt- The rapid physical
- growth, usually in height and weight, that occurs at particular points in our
- development
- §Primary sex
- characteristics-
- include the organs needed for sexual reproduction (for example, the ovaries and
- testes)
- §secondary sex
- characteristics
- include non-reproductive bodily changes
-
Jean Piaget
-interested in understanding how our thinking develops over time
-
Piaget Four
Stages of Development
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
-
Sensorimotor Stage
From birth until about 24 months of age
- Blending together of the sensory and motor abilities
- propels infant into action with environment
- Object permanence - Appreciation and
- recognition by the infant that objects that are no longer in awareness still
- exist
-
Preoperational Stage
- Characterized
- by symbolic thought,
- language development, and egocentrism
- Toward the end of this stage, conservation
- develops
-
Concrete Operational Stage
Conservation develops
- Ability
- to perform mental
- operations reflecting logical reasoning are both present are also present
- §Transitivity- A = B, and B = C,
- then A = C
- Seriation-
- Ability to arrange objects in
- some form of numerical or quantitative order (e.g.,
- arranging pencils in order by length)
-
Formal Operational Stage
- Characterized
- by the ability of the
- child to engage in hypothetical and deductive reasoning
- Adolescents at this
- stage are still prone to egocentric thinking
-
Preconventional
- judge
- actions as right or wrong based upon their consequences
-
Conventional
- morality
- is determined based upon the standards and rules set by society
-
Postconventional
- internalized
- their own values, beliefs and standards about what is right and wrong
-
Authoritarian Style
§Very rigid or inflexible
- § Tend to use physical
- punishment more often than not
§ Their children tend to have more social conduct and emotional problems
-
Permissive Style
- §Tend
- be either neglectful
- or indulgent
- §In terms of their involvement with their children they
- are either very uninvolved or overly involved
§Their children tend to be more selfish, dependent, and immature
-
Authoritative Style
- §Parents
- establish clear
- boundaries and guidelines for behavior
§Children are encourage to voice their point of view
- §Parents blend reason, love, warmth, and affection into their
- parenting methodology
- §Rarely use physical punishment, but instead use methods
- like loss of privalages and time out
§Viewed by Baumrind as the most healthy style of parenting
-
Schemata
- (plural
- for schema) are organized mental representations or thought patterns about the
- world
-
Two processes that are absolutely important in the process of cognitive development
- §Assimilation-
- process of incorporating new information into and existing schema
- §Accommodation-
- process of adjusting or modifying current schemata
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