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reduces the angle of the joint and brings the two bones closer together

the opposite of flexion, increases the angle or distance between two bones or parts of the body

moving the body part away from the midline or median plane of the body

moving the body part towards the midline of the body

moving a bone around its central axis common in ball-and-socket joint

• R: rest
• I:  ice
• C: compression
• E: elevation

used after an injury can reduce swelling, and inflammation and enhance healing

is a condition of widespread connective tissue and muscular pain and often includes severe fatgue of unknown origin. has no cure

rotation of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand backward or posteriorly

a toe-down movement of the foot at the ankle increases the angle of the joint

moving the instep of the foot up and dorsally , reducing the angle between the foot and the lef 

degenerative joint disease DJD. thinning and degeneration of the articular cartilage of synovial joints

an autoimmune inflammatory condition that involves an immune system respones to the synovial membrane causing synovitis. proteins are released at the site of the joint inflammation thickening of the synovium and damage to the cartilage , bone , tendons , and ligaments

soft nucleus of an intervertebral disk protrude through a tear or weakiened area in its tough outer cartilaginous covering. common in the lumbar region cervical region RARE in the thoracic region of the spin

problems water content decline and the structures begin to shrink and become less flexible.

wrenching or twisting of a joint in a abnormal plane of motion or beyond its normal ROM that results in stretching and / or tearing of a ligament.

overstretching of a muscle or tendon tear of tissue away from bone

spontaneously persist for hours

a break or crack in a bone from trauma or disease

fractured or crack vertabrea, wrist , hips , kyphosis

calcium deposits in the bone gradually decline and bones become increasingly weak and brittle so that even smal stressors such as bending over or coughing can cause fractures

diagnosised by DEXA dual exgery x-ray absorptiomentry scan

bone turnover, bone grow

softening of the bones inadequate calcium or phosphorus caused by a fat absorption problem in the GI tract prevents adequate absorption of dietary fats vitamin D deficiency.

break is caused by a twisting or rotary force which results in long sharp pointed bone ends childs abuse injury

break is caused by a twisting force with an upward thrust , fracture ends are short and run at an oblique angle across the bone

break is caused by direct force applied perpendicular to a bone runs across a bone

caused by commpression or angulation forces in the long bone of children under 10 because of softness crack on one side intact on the other side

NSAIDs , analgesics , aspirin , diclofenac , indocin, naproxen , corticosteroids

humpback excessive upper thoracic

swayback excessive lumbar

abnormal deviation or curvation to the right or left