Chest and Lungs

absence of spontaneous respiration

small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways

incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or collapse of the lung at any age

• irregular breaths varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea but lacking repetitive pattern
• associated with increased intracranial pressure

chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles cause by repeated pulmonary infections and/or bronchial obstructions

inflammation of the large airways

greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words

• typically moderate in intensity
• heard over major bronchi

• inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs
• occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months old

• intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequence of breathing
• often associated with dying

• large airway inflammation that is usually a result of chronic irritation exposure
• more commonly a problem for patients older than 40 years

nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema

an acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure

sudden spasmodic expiration forcing a sudden opening of the glottis

• abnormal lung sounds, most often heard on inspiration
• characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds
• also called rales

• syndrome generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents particularly the parainfluenza viruses
• occurs most often in children between 1 1/2 and 3 years of age

autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands

an abnormal opening in the diaphragm

increased intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal quality

disease in which the lungs lose elasticity and the alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function

collection of purulent exudative fluid in the pleural space

acute life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues

dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound that occurs outside the respiratory tree

• mediastinal crunch
• consists of a variety of sounds, including loud crackles and clicking or gurgling sounds
• associated with mediastinal emphysema

presence of blood in the pleural cavity

viral infection of the lungs

• deep and usually rapid respirations
• associated with metabolic acidosis

a well-define circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis

• a whisper that can be clearly heard through the stethoscope
• associated with consolidation of lungs

presence of excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space

inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which become edmatous and fibrinous

inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral

presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

• occlusion of the pulmonary arteries
• relatively common condition that is very difficult to diagnose

condition that develops in preterm infants as a result of surfactant deficiency

sonorous wheezes

high-pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration

a "floppiness" or lack of rigidiy of the trachea or airway

chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may have widespread systemic manifestations

low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy tissue

• sound of the spoken word as transmitted through the lung fields
• usually muffled and indistinct in quality

• continuous, high-pitched musical sound; almost a whistle
• heard on inspiration or expiration