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apnea
absence of spontaneous respiration
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asthma (reactive airway disease)
small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways
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atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or collapse of the lung at any age
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biot respirations
- irregular breaths varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea but lacking repetitive pattern
- associated with increased intracranial pressure
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bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles cause by repeated pulmonary infections and/or bronchial obstructions
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bronchitis
inflammation of the large airways
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bronchophony
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words
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bronchovesicular breath sounds
- typically moderate in intensity
- heard over major bronchi
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bronchiolitis
- inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs
- occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months old
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cheyne-strokes respiration
- intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequence of breathing
- often associated with dying
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chronic bronchitis
- large airway inflammation that is usually a result of chronic irritation exposure
- more commonly a problem for patients older than 40 years
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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cor pulmonale
an acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure
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cough
sudden spasmodic expiration forcing a sudden opening of the glottis
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crackles
- abnormal lung sounds, most often heard on inspiration
- characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds
- also called rales
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croup
- syndrome generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents particularly the parainfluenza viruses
- occurs most often in children between 1 1/2 and 3 years of age
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cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands
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diaphragmatic hernia
an abnormal opening in the diaphragm
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egophony
increased intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal quality
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emphysema
disease in which the lungs lose elasticity and the alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function
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empyema
collection of purulent exudative fluid in the pleural space
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epiglottitis
acute life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues
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friction rub
dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound that occurs outside the respiratory tree
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hamman sign
- mediastinal crunch
- consists of a variety of sounds, including loud crackles and clicking or gurgling sounds
- associated with mediastinal emphysema
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hemothroax
presence of blood in the pleural cavity
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influenza
viral infection of the lungs
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kussmaul breathing
- deep and usually rapid respirations
- associated with metabolic acidosis
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lung abscess
a well-define circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis
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pectoriloquy
- a whisper that can be clearly heard through the stethoscope
- associated with consolidation of lungs
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pleural effusion
presence of excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space
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pleurisy
inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which become edmatous and fibrinous
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pneumonia
inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral
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pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
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pulmonary embolism
- occlusion of the pulmonary arteries
- relatively common condition that is very difficult to diagnose
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respiratory distress syndrome
condition that develops in preterm infants as a result of surfactant deficiency
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stridor
high-pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration
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tracheomalacia
a "floppiness" or lack of rigidiy of the trachea or airway
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tuberculosis
chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may have widespread systemic manifestations
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vesicular
low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy tissue
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vocal resonance
- sound of the spoken word as transmitted through the lung fields
- usually muffled and indistinct in quality
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wheeze
- continuous, high-pitched musical sound; almost a whistle
- heard on inspiration or expiration
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