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Specific Deterrence
Focuses on the specific individual who committed the crime
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General Deterrence
Focuses on general prevention of a crime by making examples of specific individuals
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Teleological Ethics (Utilitarianism)
- Mills
- The end result
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Virtue Ethics
- Aristotle
- The end result but also "moral man"
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Deontology (Formalism)
- Kant
- The act itself
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Recidivism Rates for Murders
Approximately 1.2%
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Cost Effectiveness of LWOP vs. Death Penalty
- - Prison (LWOP)
- • $52/day = ~20k/year = $900k for 35 years
- - Death Row
- • ~$2.5 to $5 million
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Percentage of US Executions that Took Place in Texas
- ~60% (or 37%) of all US executions take place in Texas
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Probation
- Before a person is actually sent to prison/jail
- Guilty but suspended sentence
- If compliant
- If not compliant
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Parole
- After a defendant is released from prison
- Many of the same controls or safeguards as probation
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Services that Probation/Parole Officers (PPOs) Provide to Clients
- Housing, job placement, counseling, education
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Methods of Controlling that PPOs Use on Clients
- Drug testing, curfew, location monitoring
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Effectiveness of Probation/Parole
- • Probation Effectiveness Varies by State
- - Over half arrested within 2 years
- ○ 20-65% rearrested within 2 years
- • Parole Effectiveness Also Varies
- - Slight advantage over release directly from prison
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Intensive Supervision
- • Reduced caseload, greater supervision, more contact
- • No Difference between intense and routine supervision
- • Ethical Concerns
- - Letter of the law vs spirit of the law
- - Privacy issues
- - Social worker or police
- - Unending supervision
- - Prison easier
- - Cost & class bias
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Traditional Supervision
- Probation/Parole officers overworked
- Spread thin v. help the "helpable" and ignore the rest
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Arguments for and Against Privatizing Probation/Parole
- For Privatizing:
- • Private enterprise can do things more efficiently
- • Privatizing reduces costs
- • Design carefully devised contract
- - Monitor implementation
- Against Privatizing:
- • Government can be efficient/effective
- • Profit motive debase corrections
- • Client "shopping"
- • Contract termination - need another provider ready and willing to step in
- • Who will monitor contract
- • Ethical considerations
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Pros/cons of the Use of Volunteers in Probation/Parole Offices
- • Responsible to Use Volunteers in the First Place?
- - To save money/replace probation & parole officers
- ○ Reduces jobs for professional corrections
- ○ Clients do not receive professional assistance
- ○ Volunteers sufficiently trained, supervised, accountable
- - To supplement probation/parole program
- ○ May enhance program
- ○ Establish "one on one" relationships with offenders
- ○ Volunteers may have special skills/training
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Restorative Justice Questions
- • Victims
- - How do you feel?
- - What do you need to move toward wholeness?
- • Community
- - How was the community harmed?
- - How was the community responsible?
- - How can the community repair any damages?
- • Offender
- - Why did you choose crime?
- - What will make the choice less likely in the future
- - What can you do to repair the harm you caused?
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Standard CRJ System Questions
- • "Just the facts, ma'am"
- - What happened
- - Who did it
- - What does the person deserve
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The 3 Hallmarks of Restorative Justice
- • Encounter between victim & offender
- - With trained facilitator
- ○ May be in person or via letter, video 3rd party
- - Discuss event, the harm & how to set things right
- • Repair the harm
- - Offender does what he/she can to make things right
- ○ Restitution, apology, changed behavior, acts of generosity, etc.
- • Transformation
- - Offender become contributing member of society
- - Victim can heal and thrive
- - Increased informal social control
- ○ Communities "police" themselves
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Benefits of Restorative Justice
- • Fewer people struggling with aftermath of crime
- - Less PTSD (post traumatic syndrome?)
- - Revenge less likely
- - Return to "normal"
- • Hold responsible party (parties) personally responsible
- - Takes courage
- • Trying to reduce future crimes
- - Parties may learn from event
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Drawbacks of Restorative Justice
• Inefficient
• Offender/victim may refuse to participate
• Victim "requests" may be unreasonable/irrational/impossible
• Harm may be irreparable
• What about victimless crimes
- • May wind up with very disparate "sentences"
- - CRJ System loses control
• Need both systems
• What about "disorganized" communities
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The 3 Mandatory Elements of Corruption
- - Employee
- - Violation of Rules
- - Personal Gain
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Examples of Correctional Corruption
- • Theft/Embezzlement
- - From . . . Prison/inmates
- • Trafficking in Contraband
- - Ex. Drugs, weapons, money, cell phones
- • Misuse of authority
- - Ex: gratuities, perjury, abuse
- • Misc
- - Ex: sleep/drunk on duty, condoning above
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The 2 Major Influences on Corruption
- • Opportunity
- - Discretion
- • Incentive
- - Internal vs. External
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Corruption Impact on Correctional Facilities
- • Internal
- - Safety
- - Morale
- - Ethics
- • External
- - Public Image
- - Finances
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How Can Corruption Be Controlled
- • Standards
- - Uniformly known
- - Consistently applied
- - Non-selective enforced
- • Awareness/Openness
- - ID opportunities
- - Increase risk for corrupt practices
- - Whistleblower mechanism
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Issues Concerning Female Prisoners
- • Fewer opportunities for education and training
- - Equal treatment education & training?
- • Additional Services
- - 85-90% have history of domestic & sexual abuse
- - Parental & reproductive rights
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Female Correctional Personnel
- • Admin & Officers
- - 37% of adult correctional personnel
- - 51% of juvenile correctional personnel
- • Issues
- - Safety
- - Sex
- - Glass Ceiling
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Disproportion of Minority in Population Vs. Prison
- • US Population:
- - 69% White, 13.5% Black, 17% Hispanic
- • Prison Population:
- - 33% White, 40% Black, 20% Hispanic
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Sending Juveniles to Adult Prison
• 30-77% higher recidivism rate
• No deterrent effect
• "Crime College"
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Elderly Prisoners
- What's the Point:
- - Incapacitation
- - Rehabilitation
- - Threat to society
- - Cost
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Percentage of Inmates that Suffer from Mental Illness
- • ~50% of inmates suffer from mental illness
- - 3.7% psychotic illness
- - 10% major depression
- - 65% personality disorder
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Treatment of Mentally Ill in Jails/Prisons
- • Mental Health Treatment
- - 1/3 prison mates
- - 1/6 jail inmates
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Programs Offered in Prison to Ready Inmates for Release
- - Educational
- - Religious
- - Counseling
- - Enhancement
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