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What is in-vitro fertilization?
- -fertilization is done outside the womb
- *either in a test tube or petri dish
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What percent of US population is infertile?
10 percent
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What percent of couples use IVF?
less than 5%
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What circumstance is IVF usually reserved for?
women with blocked or damaged or no fallopian tubes
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Where and when was the first IVF baby born?
In 1978 at England
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When was IVF first used succesffuly in US?
1981
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In 2005, what percent of babies in this country were born through IVF?
1 percent
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Who developed the IVF and won the noble price in 2010 for it?
Robert G. Edwards
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Are the eggs that are used for IFV obtained through surgery?
- No, a sonographically-guided needle is used to extract oocytes
- *no hospitalization is needed
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What is the procedure called to retrieve oocytes from vagina to use for IVF?
transvaginal oocyte retrieval
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What is the cost for IVF?
12,400
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What are the 2 ways sperm and egg can meet in the dish?
-thousands of sperm in a dish or
-inject one sperm into an egg
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What does ovulation mean?
the release of the egg
*Ova=egg
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By what day does a blastocyst emerge in the fallopian tube?
day 6
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What are 2 things a blastocyst contains?
- -trophoblast
- *outside of cell
-inner cell mass
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What happens during day 7-10 inside womens womb?
- blastocyst implants on the precursor of placenta
- *uterine wall
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During gastrulation waht happens?
- embryonic tissues form distinct layers
- *ectoderm,mesoderm, endoderm
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What are embryonic stem cells?Where do they derive from?
it is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
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What do undifferetiated embryionic stem cells do??
- they can be induced to differentiate into specific types of cells
- *they can beome liver,muscle, or whichever cell
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Potency
- differentiation potential of cell
- *potential to differentiate into different cell types
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Totipotent (3)
-omnipotent
-stem cells that can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cells
-they can become any type of cell they want
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How are totipotent stem cells made?
by fusing an egg and sperm
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Pluripotent stem cells (2)
-descendants of totipotent cells
-can differentiate into nearly all cells
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Where do the stem cells of a pluripotent come from?
any of the 3 germ layers
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Multipotent stem cells
can differentiate into a number of closely related family of cells
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Oligopotent stem cells
stem cells can differentiate into a few cells
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Unipotent cells
- produces one cell type but can self renew
- *can undergo mitosis
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Do adult humans possess stem cells?
yes
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Adult stem cell treatments AND treating leukemia and blood cancer
stem cell treatments have been used to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants
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Are all cells differentiated surrounded by the saem type of cells?
no, for some strange reason there are neighboring cells that are not fully differentiated
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What is plasticity of adult stem cells?
under appropriate culture conditions, cells can be induced to form other cell types
*liver cell to a muscle cell
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What were John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka awarded the nobel prize for?
for discovery that mature cells can be transformed into stem cells
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What did John B. Gurdon do?
demosntrated that the nucleus from a differentiated frog intestinal epithelial cell was capable of generating a fully functional tadpole upon transplantation to an enucleated egg
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What did Yamanaka do?
found that a small set of trasncription factors was sufficient to revert a differentiated cell to a pluripotent state
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