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General action of insulin on target cells
- Stimulate anabolic enxyme
- inhibit catabolic enzymes
- increase # of facilitated diffusion transporter for glucose in adipose and muscle cells
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What type of relationship does insulin and glucose have?
reciprocal
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Increased plasma insulin causes what general things in most tissues?
- increased glucose utilization
- decreased plasma aas, FAs and glycerol
- decreased glucose production
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What levels and products act on the beta cell in the pancreas to control insulin levels?
- incretins
- glucose
- amino acids
- parasympathetic activity
- Sympathetic activity/epinephrine (inhibits release)
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Insulin causes what general type of metabolism in cells?
anabolism
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In what ways does insulin cause anabolism?
- Glucose into glycogen
- AAs into proteins
- Fatty acids into triglycerides
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Glucagon causes what general type of metabolism?
Catabolism
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In what ways does glucagon cause catabolism?
- glycogen to glucose
- triglycerides to fatty acids
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Somatostatin enahnces what hormone?
glucagon
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Which pancreatic hormone favors anabolism?
insulin
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Which pancreatic hormone potentiates glycogenolytic activity of glucagon?
somatostatin
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Which pancreatic hormone favors catabolism?
glucagon
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What blood level is glucagon sensitive to?
decreased glucose levels in the blood
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increased plasma glucagon causes what in the liver?
- Increased gluconeogenisis
- Increased glycogenolysis
- Increased Ketone synthesis
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What is the end effect of glucagon secretion?
increased plasma glucose and ketones
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Plasma epinephrine acts similarly to what hormone in terms of glucose levels in teh blood?
glucagon
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Increased plasma epinephrine causes what actions in the Skeletal muscle?
increased Glycogenolysis
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Increased epinephrine in the blood has what effect on the liver?
- Increased:
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenisis
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Increased plasma epinephrine has what effect on adpose tissue?
Increased Lipolysis
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The end effect of plasma epinephrine on plasma levels of metabolites is:
increased plasma glucose, FA and glycerol
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When plasma glucose is low what organ secretes epinephrine?
adrenal medulla
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sympathetic nerves stimulate hwat organs (directly) when plasma gluocse is low?
liver and adipose
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Plasma epinephrine effects what organs to increase Glucose levels in the body?
- Skeletal Muscle
- Liver
- Adipose
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What are fast ways of regulating the effects of insulin?
- glucagon release
- epinephrine and sypathetic activity
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Slow effects of the regulation of insulin are:
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cortisol has what effect on metabolism
Increases: gluconeogenisis, protein catabolism and lipolysis
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The effects of Cortisol on liver metabolism are:
gluconeogenesis
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The effects of cortisol on the metabolism of muscle is:
protein catabolism
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The effect of cotrisol on the metabolism in adipose tissue is:
lipolysis
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The effect of cortisol on the immune system is:
function supressed
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The net result of increased cortisol on metabolism is:
increased FA, AA and glucose in the plasma
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Growth hormone has what end effects on metabolism?
- increased bone and tissue growth
- increased blood glucose
- increased cartilage growth
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cartilege growth is stimulated by GH directly (T/F)?
False, it is stimulated by insulin like growth factor that is produced in the liver in response to GH.
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GH increases grwowth via what other signaling molecules?
T4, gonadotrphins and growth factor paracrines
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In what three ways does GH increase metabolism?
- promotes mucle growth and metabolism by facilitating amino acid transport
- increases libolysis and fat usage
- Decreases rate of carbohydrate use
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Thriiodothyronin and Throxine effect metabolism by:
- increasing protein synthesis
- increasing size and number of mitochondria
- promoting cell uptake of glucose
- increaing glycolysis and glycogenolysis
- increase FFA availability
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Which hormone increases the number of mitochondria and their size?
thyroxine and Triiodothyonine
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Aiopocytes produce what metabolic effector molecule?
Leptin
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Leptin is produced by what cells?
Adipocytes
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The action of leptin is to:
reduce appetite
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When is Leptin secreted?
- When energy expenditure is less than energy intake
- when fat is being deposited into apidocytes
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When fat is deposited in adipose tissue what metabolic effector molecule is secreted?
leptin
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Leptin acts on what organ?
Hypothalmus
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The end action of leptin is:
- decreased energy intake
- incresaed metabolic rate
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What are the four counter regulatory controllers for glucose?
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- cortisol
- GH
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What are the actions of glucose, epinephrine, cortisol and GH on metabolism?
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