Nervous System Test

Designed to receive and transmit electrical and
chemical signals throughout the body

Nervous (or neural) tissue is found in the

Nervous (or neural) tissue is composed
primarily of two general cell types

Name the 3 avenues of communication:

Neurons are the longest cells in the body and are composed of three primary parts:

________ receive impulses from the other cells, 
________ conducts impulses away from the cell body

Function of Neuroglial cells

What systems maintain homeostasis.

The nervous system has three basic functions:

Impulse that goes from the spinal cord back to the muscle is called a

Section of the neuron that is large and contains the nucleus of the cell

synthesize the materials needed by the neuron
(neurone), particularly energy (_______) and neurotransmitters (synthesized by the _______
and _____________)

________ give the grey coloration to the areas of the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the neurons, the so-called _________.

Extensions from the soma that receive stimuli, or impulses from other neurons and convey this stimulation to the cell body

Extension from the soma and conducts the nervous impulse away from the perikaryon toward another neuron or other type of cell.

Axons are often covered in a fatty substance called

Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons is often referred to as _________.
Nervous tissue without myelin = _________.

Peripheral nerve covered in myelin is called

The axon may branch along its length producing _______ that allow the nervous impulse to be transmitted to more than one other cell

4 CNS neuroglial cells are:

2 PNS neuroglial cells are

Functions of Astrocytes (CNS cells):

Malignant tumor of astrocyte cells

If a nerve has no myelin, the lining of the nerve is termed 
If the nerve has myelin in the form of oligodendrocyte cells of the CNS or Schwann cells of the PNS, the outer lining of the myelin is then termed the ______ while the nerve lining is the ________.

Function to wander through the CNS and with their phagocytic activity, engulf and destroy cellular waste products, debris and pathogens

Line the ventricles of the brain and spinal canal. They are responsible for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. They may also aid in its production and the monitoring of its composition

Located in the PNS with Schwann cells. These cells surround the clusters of cell bodies known as ganglia (singular = ganglion), insulating them from their surroundings. They are responsible for surging the impulse in a different direction

A space between the inner and middle of the
three layers of connective tissue which surround the brain

The myelin sheath is actually the cell membrane of specialized glial cells called ________ in the brain and spinal cord and __________ in the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Between adjacent glial cells are small gaps in
the myelin sheath called

_______ are fat cells
______ is tumor of fat cells in the spinal cord

There is no anatomical method differentiating between axons and dendrites. All cell processes appear similar. Normally seen in the brain

Have two processes arising from the cell body in the middle. Normally seen in the ear, eye, and nose

Have a continuous dendritic and axonal process with the cell body lying of to one side. Generally have a long axon and in PNS. Example cranial nerves

Have one axon from cell body with several dendrites coming in. Most common CNS. Prototypical neuron

Sensory – of the PNS are _____ – they carry impulses from the sensory receptors toward or into the CNS

Motor – of the PNS are _____ – they carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues, organs or organ systems

_______ Are those situated between sensory and motor neurons and are found only in the CNS. These are sometimes called ________.

____________ neurons carry information from the external environment to the CNS

__________ neurons carry information from within the animal (its organs and other systems) to the CNS

Each axon is surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue called the ______ and that groups of these axons are held in bundles by connective tissue known as the ___________. These are further held together by an outer fibrous sheath called the _______which also encloses a blood supply and fat deposits

Axons with myelin sheath = __________.
Axon on axon itself referred to as _________.

Study of the functioning of nervous tissue, i.e. how the neurons and glial cells transmit and process information

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) has a high concentration of ___________ and _______ 
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) has a high concentration of _______ and ________.

There is an overall excess of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane when compared to the outer surface. This difference in electrical charge is called the _________ or _________ of the cell membrane

K+ moves out of the neuron and the Na+ moves into the neuron normally without the sodium/potassium pump in _________ through the K+ channels and Na+ channels;
It takes energy in the form of ________ to move the Na+ ions out for K+ ions that they move in.
Active transport is also known as

The transmembrane potential across the cell membrane is approximately –70mV in a resting neuron. This is also referred to as the _____ and the cell membrane can be said to be ____.

When the inside of the cell becomes positively charged and the outside negatively charged, for a short period of time. This process is known as ______ and the change in potential is called the ________.

The level of depolarization that is required before an action potential can be triggered is called the

The strength of the muscle contraction is dependent on

Amount of energy needed to start to stimulate the nerve is called

If a second stimulus acts upon a neuron in which an action potential is ongoing, then a second action potential will not be produced. The neuron at this stage is unresponsive and is said to be in a

The time that it takes for the neuron to be able to generate a second action potential from the start of the first is called the

The period between the end of the absolute refractory period (when it is impossible to initiate another action potential) and a return to the resting potential is known as the

Transmission between one neuron and another neuron occurs at the

Transmission between a neuron and muscle fiber occurs at the

At the synapse, the action potential from the axon of first nerve cell is carried across the interstitial space, known as the _______, to the dendrites of the next nerve cell

Type of transmission that occurs when the two cells are very close together, as the synaptic gap or cleft is small. In some, but few cases, the membranes may be fused. In the cells that are very close together, the action potential is automatically propagated into the adjacent cell by causing a membrane depolarization, just as the action potential is propagated along the axon itself

Type of transmission when the synaptic gap is large, an impulse in the presynaptic neuron causes the release of a chemical into the gap

Peripheral Neurotransmitter classification:

Four receptors of norepinehrine

Inhibitor of acetylcholine

2 Transmitters of the CNS

Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid is to

Infection of the brain

Infection of the spinal cord and brain

Infection of the spinal cord

The three layers of connective tissue which surround the brain are known as the ________ and consist of

Samples taken by the veterinarian may be collected for analysis from an enlargement of the subarachnoid space at the base of the skull called the

Both the ___ and _______ are also responsible for the basic control of heart rate and respiration, known as the _______. The third area, the _______ controls the motor coordination of the body

The spinal cord runs within the protective vertebral column from the ___________, terminating at the ____________.

How many spinal nerves leave the spinal cord, passing through the intervertebral foramina, each passing to a different part of the body

Efferent Nerves can be divided into two broad categories

Somatic Nerves carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Which Cranial Sensory nerve carries the sense of smell impulses to the brain.

Cranial Motor – carry impulses from the brain to
the effector organ muscles of the eye.

Cranial Mixed - carry impulses from the brain to the effector organ and back to the brain.
Motor jaw movement sensory from skin to the facial region

Nerves that supply the entire musculoskeletal system

Optic 
Type of nerve
Function

Oculomotor
Type of nerve
Function

Trochlear
Type of nerve
Function

Trigeminal
Type of nerve
Function

Abducent
Type of nerve
Function

Facial
Type of nerve
Function

Auditory
Type of nerve
Function

Glossopharyngeal
Type of nerve
Function

Vagus
Type of nerve
Function

Accessory
Type of nerve
Function

Hypoglossal
Type of nerve
Function

Network of nerve fibers that gives rise to the radial, ulnar, and medial nerves supplying the forelimb

Network of nerve fibers that gives rise to the sciatic, obturator, perineal, pudendal, and others

Suprascapular innervates with what muscles

Pectorals innervates with what muscles

Musculocutaneous innervates with what muscles

Axillary innervates with what muscles

Radial innervates with what muscles

Ulnar innervates with what muscles

Median innervates with what muscles

Thoracodorsal innervates with what muscles

Lateral thoracic innervates with what muscles

Cranial Gluteal innervates with what muscles

Caudal Gluteal innervates with what muscles

Femoral innervates with what muscles

Obturator innervates with what muscles

Sciatic innervates with what muscles

Peroneal innervates with what muscles

Tibial innervates with what muscles

Pavlov proved that a dog would salivate when food is placed in the mouth, and as such is an inborn involuntary action, known as a _____. Later Pavlov would associate the bell ringing with food and before long dogs would salivate when they heard the bell only. This type of
response is called a ________.

8 Reflexes for Surgical Monitoring 
Anesthetic depth can be indicated by the utilization of basic reflexes.

2 forms of the afferent system of the PNS.

Provide information about the external environment of the animal.

Monitor the internal environment and organs

Classification of Receptors - Where they receive their stimulus:
1 These are stimulated by information from the external environment such as touch, sight, smell, hearing, taste, pressure and temperature.
2. These monitor movements and position of the skeletal muscles and joints.
3. These monitor the internal environment such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary,
cardiovascular and reproductive systems. They are also stimulated by deep pressure and pain.

Structure of the Receptors
___________ are involved in detecting touch and painful stimuli are located in the skin, muscles, and viscera. Nerve endings in the cornea are also stimulated by touch pressure and temperature

Structure of the Receptors
________ or __________, are located in the dermis of the skin and respond to touch and pressure

Structure of the Receptors
__________ receptor cells which are located in the ear and eye , as well as the taste buds

Detect chemical changes in the local area around the receptor. Example the ones in the brain detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood as well as osmoreceptors detect changes in salt concentrations

Responds to touch and pressure and are predominantly located in the skin. There are also receptors that detect the degree of stretch of muscles in the stomach, lungs and blood vessels

Are stimulated by changes in temperature and are located in the skin

Usually triggered by any stimulus that may cause tissue damage or injury. Release of chemicals in an area of inflammation may also trigger these receptors

Are stimulated by light and are found in the retina of the eye.

Are a collective term used to group together all the receptors that relay information about the position of the body and its movements.

The postganglionic sympathetic neurons with which they synapse are located in three different locations:

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia 
Stimulation causes:

Collateral Ganglia 
Stimulation causes:

Adrenal Medulla - neurotransmitters release directly into the blood stream. This mechanism allows the neurotransmitters, _______ (________) and _______ (________) to have an effect as hormones on many target cells throughout the body

Pharmaceuticals that produce sympathetic responses are referred to as being

norepinephrine effects ________
epinephrine effects ___________

List the receptors that are involved with shock:

Major nerve that carries information from most of the parasympathetic division is called the __________ and supplies all the organs and structures within the thorax and abdomen.

Not all organs have dual innervation. List 3 examples

A base level of activity that can increase or decrease, depending upon the situation

The parasympathetic system exerts a basal tone on the activity of the _____ via the ______.

More complex processes require the use of higher levels in the brain and are coordinated within the

The medulla and pons are regulated by the

Cranial nerves that control respiration and pulse are