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cloture
mechanism requiring vote of 60 senators to cut off debate
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stare decisis
a reliance on past decisions or precedents to formulate decisions in new cases
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patronage
jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and allies for their support
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powers that are "necessary and proper" are stated in...
Article I, Section 8
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filibuster
formal way of halting Senate action on a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate
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gerrymandering
drawing of congressional districts to produce electoral outcome without regard to shape of district
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majority leader
head of party controlling most seats in House or Senate; 2nd in authority of Speaker of House
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minority party
head of party with 2nd highest number of elected presidents in House or Senate
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pork barrel
legislation allowing representatives to bring money to their districts in form of public work programs or other programs
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President Pro Tempore
official chair of Senate; usually most senior member of majority party
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Hold
procedure by which senator asks to be informed before particular bill is brought to floor
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pardon
executive grant providing restoration of all rights of citizenship to specific individual charged of crime
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veto power
resides in president, to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress
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pocket veto
if Congress delays after 10 days, president has to consider bill passed by both houses
without president signature
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amicus curaie
"friend of court", may list briefs or appear to argue their interests orally before court
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habeas court
"you have the body", requiring that prisoner be brought before court to determine whether government has right to continue detaining them
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solicitor general
4th-ranking member of Depart. of Justice; responsible for handling nearly all appeals on behalf of US gov't to Supreme Court
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Incumbency Advantage
- 1. presidents already known in political spectrum
- 2. no trouble running & funding their campaigns
- 3. have safe seats due to experience & sometimes district advantage
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Youngstown Steel & Tube v. Sawyer
Supreme Court decision that limited power of President to seize private property
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U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton
SC ruled that states can't impose qualifications for members of Congress stricter than those specified in Constitution
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Amendment 12
provides procedure for electing President and Vice President
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