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most sponges are
- hermaphrodites
- usually sequential Gametes come from choanocytes or ameobocytes
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sponge reproduction
- Eggs stay in mesophyl
- Sperm are released from sponge and enter other sponges via pores
- Larvae are free swimming –settling on suitable substrate and then developing into adults
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- Cnidarians
- (ignore staurozoa)
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hydrozoans
- –Polyp stage more conspicuous
- –Fresh water and marine habitats
- –Can reproduce by budding
(Cnidaria)
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scyphozoans
- –Medusa is the obvious stage
- –Pelagic species lack a polyp stage
- –Most are jellies
(Cnidaria)
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Portuguese Man o' War
- Each is composed of 4 types of individuals (both medusa and polyp)
- –Individual types have specialized functions
- colony rather than one organism
(Cnidaria)
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Cubozoans
- –Box shaped medusa
- –Complex eyes
- –Highly toxic cnidocytes
(Cnidaria)
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Anthozoans
- –Medusa stage is absent
- –Most are sessile
- –Sea Anemones and Corals
(Cnidaria)
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Clade Lophotrochozoa
- Molecular data distinguished members of the clade
- Highly diverse body forms
- Six phyla in the clade
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clade Bilateria contains what 3?
- Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia
- Some develop a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage, and a few have neither feature
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phylum Platyheminthes -Flatworms
- Marine, Freshwater and damp terrestrial
- Triploblastic acoelomates
- Water and gas exchange by diffusion
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Turbellarians
- Generally free living and found in marine habitats
- –Planarians
- –Some reproduce asexually by fission (split in 2)
- –Hermaphrodites
- •Mates fertilize each other
- ( platyheminthes)
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Monogeneans and Trematodes
- –Parasites (both in and on hosts)
- –Monogeneans
- •Most are parasitic on fish
- –Trematodes
- •Complex life cycle
- •Sexual and asexual stages
- •Some reproduce asexually by fission
- •Hermaphrodites
- –Mates fertilize each other
- (platyheminthes)
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Cestoidea
- parasitic
- tapeworms
- (platyheminthes)
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phylum Rotifera
- Fresh water, marine and damp terrestrial habitats
- Alimentary Canal
- –Separate mouth and anus
- Many reproduce by parthenogenesis
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parthenogenesis
a form of reproduction in which the ovum develops into a new individual without fertilization
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class Bdelloidea
- Asexual
- No males
- –Limits on evolution and adaptations
- Diverse–400+ species
- Old–40-80 million years
- (rotifers)
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Rotifers adaptions
- Adaptations for survival
- Suspended animation
- –In harsh conditions the rotifer undergoes anhydrobiosis and becomes encysted
- Incorporates DNA from the environment
- –Rotifers have the DNA of bacteria and fungi
- –May be incorporated during re-animation (repair of cell membranes
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