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What is the main animal we are concerned about migrating into our zoos?
raccoons
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When domestic cats get into the zoo, what do we worry about?
the cats pooping in the habitats and spreading toxoplasma
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Are most of our zoo animals born in the zoo or brought in from other places?
born in the zoo
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Why don't we import animals into the zoos instead of dealing with breeding?
importation is expensive and difficult
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What does the SSP do?
controls breeding especially inbreeding
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Describe how an animal should be in order to be bred?
- healthy
- fertile
- on a correct diet
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Which animals do we hand raise often?
incubate bird and reptile eggs
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Is mortality rate high in newborns?
yes
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Why is overproduction a problem?
some species are hard to place due to their size
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What are some birth control methods in the zoo?
- keep sexes apart
- castrate males
- OVH females
- hormone implants in females
- birth control drugs
- vaccinations
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Why are zoos reluctant to castrate males?
because it can cause deformities in the animal...lions lose their mane, antelope's antlers grow in funny
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What do hormone implants do?
stops females from cycling
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Which animals are birth control drugs used in and what is the disadvantage to this method?
- monkeys
- have to get the medicine in them everyday
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What does the vaccine do for birth control?
- makes the egg not allow for sperm to penetrate
- must be boostered yearly
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Which type of restraint is preferred, manual or chemical? Why?
- manual
- because chemical restraint can be a risk to the patient
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What are some problems seen with restraint?
- injury
- death (underlying problems or acute stress)
- capture myopathy
- muscle necrosis
- bloat
- aspiration pneumonia
- hyperthermia
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What is capture myopathy?
animal muscles overwork and start to break down then they get lacticosis and die due to being chased
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How do animals get muscle necrosis due to being restrained?
from laying on muscles for too long due to chemical restraint
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Are oral drugs used for chemical restraint?
rarely used
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Can we use a mask or chamber to gas a patient down?
yes, then intubate or use a mask to maintain
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How long do we need to monitor a patient while under anesthesia?
until they are awake
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What is the remote delivery system?
inject drugs without touching patient
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What are some things that are used for the remote delivery system?
- pole syringe
- blow gun
- dart gun
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Between using a blow gun or a dart gun, which method is preferred?
blow gun
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What distances is a blow gun used for?
short distances
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What do you blow the dart through for a blow gun?
pipe
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Are blow guns expensive or inexpensive?
inexpensive
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Are blow guns loud or quiet?
quiet
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What do we need to take into consideration when using a blow gun?
be careful of the wind because it can change the direction of your dart
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Do blow guns cause lots of trauma?
no, minimal trauma
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How does a dart gun work?
propels dart from pistol or rifel
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What does a dart gun use to propel the dart from a dart gun?
uses gas from 0.22 blank or compressed CO2 or air
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Are dart guns loud or quiet?
vary in noise, power, and range
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What are some brands of dart guns?
- Palmer
- Zoolu Arms
- Telinject
- Daninject
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Which muscles should we use when we are shooting the patient with a dart?
use heavy muscles of rump/shoulder
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What do we need to be careful about when we are shooting an animal in the shoulder with a dart?
be careful because the heart is behind the shoulder
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What could happen if a dart hits an animals bone?
could break the bone
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What could happen if the dart is not loaded correctly?
the dart will not fire or it will blow up
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What are the different parts of the dart?
- needle
- syringe barrel
- plunger
- delivery media (charge)
- tail piece
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Why should we give an animal antibiotics after shooting it with a dart?
because the dart is not sterile
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Why do we need to fill the syringe all the way before using it in a dart?
because if there is air in the syringe then it will get into the animal
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How do we prepare the dart?
- add drug first
- cover hole in needle
- add air
- attach tail piece
- load into pipe or gun
- attach pistol
- pressurize pistol
- beware shooting prematurely
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Should we use our hand to check to make sure the animal is out after shooting it with a dart?
no, use a stick or something with a long handle
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What types of drugs can we use to sedate an animal?
- ketamine combinations (ketace, ketxyl)
- telazol
- xylazine
- medetomidine
- midazolam, diazepam
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What are the two narcotics that we use for zoo animals?
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What is the trade name for carfentanil?
Wildnil
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What is the trade name for etorphine?
M-99
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What is the reverser for carfentanil?
naltrexone
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What is the reverser for etorphine?
M-50-50
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Which animals do we use narcotics on?
- bears
- hoofstock
- pacadern - thick skinned animals like hippos, elephants, rhinos
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Should we use narcotics on primates?
no
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What happens to an animal if we use narctoics by themselves? What do we usually mix them with?
- can cause an animals limbs to be stiff
- mix with tranquilizer like ace
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What is a common side affect of narcotics?
hyperthermia
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When can an animal get excited when using narcotics?
if they are underdosed
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What is the benefit to using narcotics?
animal will still be able to walk and we can cover their eyes and lead them to where you need them to go
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Which inhalants can we use for zoo animals?
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What kind of breathing system or flow rates do we use for zoo animals?
same as for dogs
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What do we need to monitor when a zoo animal is under anesthesia?
-
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What kind of ventilating should we do for zoo animals?
- IPPR: intermittent positive pressure ventilation
- PPR: positive pressure ventilation
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How do we diagnose a disease?
- history
- physical exam
- diagnostic aids
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What kind of diagnostics aids do we use to diagnose a disease?
- blood work
- radiographs
- cultures
- biopsy
- necropsy
- histopathology
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What are some common medical problems with zoo animals?
- trauma (cage mates, predators, exhibit)
- parasites
- infections agents (example - bacteria)
- neoplasia
- toxicity
- degenerative conditions
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Is aggression common in zoo animals?
yes
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What are the two types of aggression seen in zoo animals?
- intraspecific due to hierarchy breakdown or unsocial species
- interspecific between different species
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Is aggressive behavior predictable in the zoo?
yes
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What kinds of vaccination programs are used in the zoo?
- feline vaccine in wild cats
- EEE in storks and penguins
- WNV in avain species
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What does EEE stand for?
eastern equine encephalomyolitis
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What does WNV stand for?
west nile virus
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What vaccines could cause a problem?
MLV (modified live vaccine)
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Which animals should we vaccinate for canine distemper?
- canids
- mustelids
- procyonids
- pandas
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What is lumpy jaw and what causes it?
- bacterial disease of bone
- caused from eating hay with a lot of stems and sticks that penetrate the mucous membranes
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Where do zoo animals get rabies?
from wild/feral species that get into the zoos
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What area is rabies the most problem?
north east
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What are some of the main diseases we see in the zoo?
- toxoplasmosis
- aspergillosis
- panleukopenia
- feline leukemia
- EEE
- feline herpes
- heartworm
- tetanus
- larval migrans
- tuberculosis
- parvovirus
- leptospirosis
- west nile virus
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What are the different types of surgery we see in the zoo?
- fracture repair
- dentistry
- wound treatment
- laparotomy
- mass removal
- caesarian
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What kind of research is done in the zoo?
- clinical
- biological
- reproduction
- genetic
- diseases
- behavior
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Why do we prefer mother reared animals in the zoo?
behavior is more normal
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Do we know when the females are pregnant in the zoo?
no usually
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Is dystocia common?
yes, very common
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What do inexperienced females often do to there neonates?
abandon them
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