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What is the total body water volume?
40 - 42 L
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What is the volume of the intracellular fluid?
28-30 L or about 64%
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What is the volume of the Extra cellular fluid?
14 L or about 33%
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What percentage of our weight is fluid?
60 %
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Volume of interstitial fluid?
10-11L
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What stuff is in the plasma compartment?
plasma and cells
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What is the non-cellular component of blood?
Plasma
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What is the difference between the composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?
concentration of proteins
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Where are proteins confined?
intravascular space
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What creates the osmotic gradient in plasma?
the proteins
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How much greater is the osmolarity of plasma than the interstitial fluid?
20 mmHg greater, this is what keeps fluid in the intravascular space
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What is the lyte composition of plasma in mEq/L?
- Na+ 142
- K+ 4
- Mg++ 2
- Ca++ 5
- Cl- 103
- HCo3 25
- HPo4 2
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What is the lyte composition of the interstitial fluid in mEq/L?
- Na+ 140
- K+ 4
- Mg++ 2
- Ca++ 3
- Cl- 117
- HCo3 27
- HPo4 2
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What is the lyte composition of the intracellular fluid in mEq/L?
- Na+ 10
- K+ 150
- Mg++ 40
- Ca++ 1
- Cl- 10
- HCo3 7
- HPo4 _
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What is the donnan effect?
describes the effect that lytes (not protein) have on the overall oncotic pressure. Overall it raises the pressure.
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What is the avg colloid pressure?
28 mmHg
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How much of the 28 mmHg in colloid oncotic pressure is due to plasma proteins?
19 mmHg
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How much of the 28 mmHg in colloid oncotic pressure is due to the lytes?
9 mmHg
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Why the cations that make up the donnan effect stay in the plasma?
They are electrically attracted to the - charged Proteins.
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Are lyte concentrations similar or not in between the plasma and the interstitial fluids?
"essentially equal"
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Na+, Cl-, Ca++ and HCO3 are found more prominently in the extracellular or intracellular?
Extracellular
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Where are the greatest concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, PO4-, and organic acid ions (lactate, pyruvate)?
intracellular
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Do the cells or the plasma contain more protein?
Cells
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What is the regulating organ of the composition of extracellular fluid?
the Kidneys
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What nonelectrolytes are found in the plasma?
- Phospholipids-280 mg/dl
- cholesterol-150mg/dl
- neutral fat-125mg/dl
- glucose - 100 mg/dl
- urea - 15mg/dl
- lactic acid - 10mg/dl
- uric acid - 3mg/dl
- creatinine - 1.5 mg/dl
- bilirubin - 0.5 mg/dl
- bile salts - trace
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About how much water/day does oxidation of food particles release?
300 ml
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About how much water do we lose/day through generation of urine?
60%
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What volume do we usually sweat/day? (not including presentations Brenna) ;)
100 ml, can increase to 5L with heavy exercise
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What is Sue going to do while her 70 year old cousin runs the Boston marathon?
Go Shopping
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What is the total insensible fluid loss?
1L/day
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How much fluid do we lose/day in the GI tract?
100-150 ml
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Do the kidney help to maintain our water balance and if so by what?
yes, the action of ADH ( where is it secreted?)
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Where are the osmoreceptors located that measure the osmolarity of our blood?
hypothalmus
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Can a small change of 3% stimulate ADH secretion?
Yes
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How does ADH allow for more water reabsorbtion?
Signals the insertion of aquaporins.
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What are three hormones (mentioned in the fluids lecture) that controll the balance of water?
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What is osmolarity?
# of osmotically active particles per L of solvent
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What is osmolality?
# of osmotically active particles/ Kg solvent
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How can we approximate osmolarity?
= 2[Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [ BUN ]/2.8
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What is tonicity?
Term that compares osmotic pressure of IVF's to that of plasma
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What is the normal osmolality of the blood?
278 - 300
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When we administer an isotonic fluid what occurs in relation to the fluid compartments?
- ECF increases but ICF stays the same
- No change in osmolarity of the compartments
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When we administer a hypotonic fluid what occurs in relation to the fluid compartments?
- Some of the ECF fluid will go to the ICF, but ECF volume will be expanded as well
- The ICF receives fluid from the ECF: a greater increase than the ECF is experienced
- Both ICF and ECF osmolarity decrease
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When we administer an hypertonic fluid what occurs in relation to the fluid compartments?
- Water leaves the ICF and goes to the ECF
- In the ECF the volume is enlarged by both the influx of ICF, and the administration of the fluid.
- Both compartments increase in osmolarity
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What is an Isotonic fluid's tonicity?
250-375 mOsm/L
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What is a hyptonic fluid's tonicity?
<250 mOsm/L
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What is a hypertonic fluid's tonicity?
>375 mOsm/L
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What are isotonic fluid used for?
Expanding the Extra cellular fluid compartment. Very little will move into the cell
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How much (in percentage) of an Isotonic fluid moves into the interstitium?
75-85%
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How much (in percentage) of an isotonic fluid stays in the plasma?
20-25%
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Why does so much of an Iso IVF move to the interstitium?
The interstitium is about three times the volume of the plasma
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What is the tonicity of D5W?
Isotonic initially but after the dextrose is metabolized all that is left is the free water
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What is the effect of the free water left behind an administration of of D5W?
The cells will swell until equilibration occurs.
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What are the relative ratio's of ICF and ECF?
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When we give a liter of D%W, how much in volume goes to ICF, interstitial, and plasma?
- ICF 670 ml's or 2/3
- interstitial 250
- plasma 83
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Why do we give dextrose in solutions?
- to provide calories, this:
- -spares the breakdown of proteins
- -and prevent ketosis from oxidation of fat
- -can help to move K+ from ECF to ICF
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What is the maximum rate of dextrose that can be given?
- 0.5 gram/kg/hr rates exceeding this will precipitate glycosuria
- or 700 ml/hr for the average 70 kg male
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Why do we use LR?
- they are near physiologic in their electrolyte concentration
- Isotonic and surgical losses are isotonic
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Why is lactate added to LR?
to buffer the solution: It is metabolized to HCO3
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Giving too much NS can result in what?
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
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What acid base imbalance can metabolized lactate in LR precipitate?
metabolic alkalosis with large infusions
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If the patient has renal failure or hyperkalemia should you use LR?
LR has K+ so we would need to be cautious in these pt's
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If we are doing a case where large volumes of crystaloid need to be given, how might we choose the fluids?
we may need to alternate bags of LR and NS.
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If our 70 kg pt loses 2L during surgery and his total predicted blood volume is 5L, what is his percent blood loss?
40%
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How much crystaloid would we give our 70 kg pt with 5L predicted blood volume who lost 2L?
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What is the blood loss replacement equation?
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How do we figure normal plasma volume?
Volume of cells in plasma=TPV*hct%
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With isotonic crystaloids for every 1ml of blood loss how much fluid are we going to replace?
3mls for every 1 of blood
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What patients are at risk for hypoglycemia?
Infants and pt's who are on insulin
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Osmotic diuresis can occur when we?
administer too much glucose in our fluid in surgery
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Why would we want to avoid Glycosuria?
it would have the opposite effect of hydration
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What are some cases that we would need to replace specific lytes as opposed to general crystaloids?
fluid loss from wounds, gastric suctioning, ascities
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When making a fluid plan what types of losses will we replace?
- NPO deficit
- maintenance requirements
- blood loss
- 3rd spacing/tissue trauma
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What it the 4-2-1 rule?
- When figuring maintenance fluids we base it on Kg's:
- -4 ml/kg for the first 10 kg +
- -2 ml/kg for the second 10 kg +
- -1 ml/kg for the rest of the kg's Equals total hourly dose
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How do we figure NPO deficit?
maintenance dose X#of hours NPO
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How do we figure replacement for tissue trauma:
- 4-6 ml/kg/hr minimal
- 6-8 ml/kg/hr moderate
- 8-10 ml/kg/hr extreme
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What is the general rule when replacing NPO deficit?
- half of total deficit in first hour
- quarter of total deficit in second hour
- quarter of total deficit in third hour
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When replacing blood loss with cells what is the ratio?
1:1
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What do they estimate fluid loss for a pt that has taken bowel prep?
additional 2 liters
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When we adminster anesthesia what happens to the overal volume of the vasculature?
it increases
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Does ADH and aldosterone secretion decrease or increase with surgery?
Increase
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What vasoactive hormone does mechanical ventilation effect and how does it effect (increase or decrease).
ANP and decreases
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What does an decrease in ANP do to the kidneys?
makes them conserve sodium
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How much Na+ and K+ does a healthy person require each day?
- Na+ 70 mEq/day
- K+ 40 mEq/day
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How much albumin is in a container of albumin?
- 12.5 grams regardless of weather it is the:
- 5% in 250 ml, isotonic to plasma, has Na+ and little K+
- 25% on 50 ml
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How much does 25% albumin expand the blood vilume?
4-5 X its own volume so, 200-250 ml's but can be unpredictable.
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Hespan has been associated with?
- prolonged PTT
- and a decrease in factor IIX
- decrease in vonwilderbrands factor
- decrease fibrinogen
- decreased platelet function
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What is the proposed reason by which the antiplatelet activity of hespan is induced?
coats the surface of the platelets which causes the clotting factors to precipitate so they aren't available for clotting
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What is Dextran 70?
water soluble glucose molecule, 70 refers to the molecular weight
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What is dextran 40?
low molecular weight dextran
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How long will dextran 70 stay in the plasma?
72 hours
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Does dextran 70 interfere with coagulation?
yes
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What are the two main actions of dextran?
plasma expansion and anticoagulation
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Of Dextran or hespan which one is more likely to precipitate in an anaphylactic reaction?
Dextran has a low, but still greater chance to precipitate allergies than any of the other colloids in use.
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What is the antibody that causes the reaction to dextran?
- circulating dextran igG antibodies that most people have
- about 1 in 3000 administrations will have a reaction
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What is most commonly associated with administration of > 1500 ml of dextran?
- increased bleeding times-decreased platelet adhesion
- impaired coagulation may not be apparent until 6-9 hrs following dosing
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In what situation would dextran gain access to our pt's without our administration?
It is sometimes used as irrigation in hysteroscopies.
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What fluids, that we don't control, might cause cerebral edema or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?
Irrigation used in certain procedures
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In what situations would you use a colloid?
To preferentially expand plasma
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In what specific situation would crystalloid be preferred?
trauma
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What is the most commonly used colloid?
Hespan
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Greater than 20ml/kg/day of hespan has been associated with what?
coagulopathies
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What are the advantages of colloid solutions?
- Smaller infused volume
- Prolonged ↑ PV
- Less peripheral edema
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What are the disadvantages of Colloid?
- Greater cost
- Coagulopathy (dextran > Hespan)
- Pulmonary edema (capillary leak states)
- ↓ GFR
- Osmotic diuresis (LMWD)
- > Duration of excessive volume expansion
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What are the advantages of crystalloids?
- Lower cost
- Greater urine flow
- Interstitial fluid replacement
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What are the disadvantages of crystalloids?
- Transient ↑ intravasc volume
- Transient hemodynamic improvement
- Peripheral edema (protein dilution)
- Pulmonary edema (protein dilution plus high PCWP)
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