Biology

1)  Living things reproduce 

2)  Living things obtain and use materials and energy (metabolism) 

3)  Living things are based on a universal genetic code

4)  Living things grow and develop 

5)  Living things respond to the environment 

6)  Living things maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)

• 7)  Living things are made up of units called cells.
•     -The cell is the basic organizational unit of life

Botany - study of life

Zoology - study of animals

Undergo growth and development by increasing in cell size

• Long or short term adaptation
• include:
•     - structure
•     - function 
•     - Behaviour 
• ie 
•  daily adaption to weather wearing boots/ sandals

Proper health and care of our bodies 

• include:
•      - Physical
•      - Physiological 
•      - Spiritual 
•      - Social health

• Wellness isn't only about yourself, you should always try to increase wellness locally and globally.
• Share the wellness as we all share this planet

• Physical 
• social 
• psychological 
• spiritual

They are all interlocked therefore when one is effected they are all effected

• Eating properly - Limiting sugar, salt, fat. 
•                       - Increasing variation of fruit            .               and vegetables in diet 
• Physical Exercise - taking taking the stairs   .       .               instead of elevator...

Sleeping - Getting enough sleep for you recommended average 8hr

• -   Allows our body to rest and recover from intellectual, physiological, and emotional stress 
• -   Sleep (dreams) allow our brain to organize facts, memories etc... (that is why its important to get good night sleep after studying and before a test) 
• -   Gives a chance to our body to heal             i.e. muscles 
• -   Increases our energy

• Myth 
•     Dreams only last couple of minutes  

• Fact 
•     Dreams last as long as an hour 
•  
• Myth 
•     

Fact 

Myth 

Fact 

Myth 

Fact 


Myth 

• Fact 

• Rapid eye movement
• -
• -

• Feel tired all the time 
• stressed 
• not alert 
• moody

having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

- drugs can help but not good idea since body can become immune to the drug and ....

related to anxiety or excitement

sudden loss of muscle tone and strength

temporary pause of breathing

awakened when blood levels of CO2 stimulate breathing

• - Too dependent on corn 
• - Sanitation is lower then in smaller farms
• - E. Coli rates increase 
•       cows are fed corn instead of grass 
•       animals stand in their own manure 
• -The use of hormones in animals and pesticides + herbicides on corps

• ADP
• adenosine diphosphate 
• low energy

• ATP
• adenosire trphosphate
•  high energy

Decrease in elesticity in cells due to the breakage of calogine and elastin in cell membrane and in musscle tissue and as you get older they break easier

which temperarly takes over the heart and lungs remaintaining the circulation of the blood flow and oxegen contact in the body

rate is under 60bpm

Conditioin at which the hart stops

An important mechanisam used to bring things back to within acceptable rangesconsites of a sensor, coordinating center, effector

• cause: change of enviourment disturbince of the homeostasis
• change: feeling cold (sensor) 
• receptor: nerve cellscontrol center: brain (hypothamus) tells your body 
• effector: shiver - conserve heat to your core and protect your main organs.                          -vasle constric- little vains around your muscles
• change: body temp begins to warm up
• to blood vessal squizing 
• norma condition

• The bodies ability to rid itself of harmful wastes
•  Essential for the maintanace of homeostatis

44bpm

20-40

20-30

12-20

112/64 mmHg

range 

90-119 /60-70

an inorganic substance that serves as a building material or takes part in a chemical reaction

• - Mostly in the skeleton 
• - 4% of total body weight

anything on the periodic table with our carbon in it

• calcium 
• iron 
• potassium
• zinc
• iodine

Organic nutrients to maintain growth and development

• Fat soluble 
• water soluble

• vitamins desolve in fat and are stored in body too much minerals is toxic!
• Ex
• A
• D
• E
• K

Vitamins dissolvve in water so they can be absorbed by the bodyBody can't store them because the vitamins disolve in the water Any vitamins your body doesn't use are lost as they pass throught your system

• i.e.
•  C
• B

6CO₂ + 6O₂ ---> C₆H₁₂0₆ +  6H₂0

• - sunlight energy (chloroplast) 
• -occurs in the cytoplasm

6H₂O + C₆H₁₂O₆  ---> 6C0₂ + 6H₂O

• - Occurs in the mitochondria 
• -form of ATP ADP

cell doesn't use energy

• - Diffusion 
• - Facilitated diffusion
• - Osmosis

Cell does not use energy 

• - Protein pumps
• - Endocytosis
• - Exocytosis

• Cell uses no energy
• molecules move randomly 
• molecules spread from high to low concentration

Diffusion with the help of transport protein

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 

-water moves from high to low

• Cell uses energy 
• actively moves molecules to where they are needed 
• Low --> High

• Protein pump
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Transports proteins that requires energy to do work 

• EX 
• sodium/ potassium pumps are important in nerve responses

.

• Taking bulky material into a cell 
• Uses energy
• Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
• Cell eating
• Forms food vacuole and digests food
• This is how white blood cells eat bacteria

.

Forces materials out of cell in bulk 

membrane surrounding the membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane 

cell changes shape requires energy 

ex hormones or wastes released from cell



.

Lipid Bilayer = 2 sheets of lipids (phospholipids) 





- Embedded with proteins, strengthened with cholesterol

- found around the cell, nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplast

Water is so small in and there is so much of it that the cell can't control its movement through the cell membrane

• - Water moves into the cell 
• - Cell swells and bursts open or lyses (cytolysis) 

.

• - Water moved from inside the cell into the solution 
• - Cell shrinks / crenation occurs (plasmolysis) 

.

• - Water moves equally in and out of the cell 
• - cell remains the same size

.