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Definition
Large group of submicroscopic infective agents that are extremely simple or complex that contain a protein coat (RNA/DNA) with no semi-permeable membrane, capable of growth/multiplication only in living cells that causes various important disease
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Classifying viruses
- Nucliec acid (RNA/DNA)
- Structure
- Means of replication
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Virion structures
- genome
- Protein Capsid
- Complex
- "packaging"
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Protein capsid
- Helix
- Icosohedron "soccer ball"
- Complex
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"Naked packaging"
- Capsid protein is the outer layer
- Environmentally stable
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Enveloped "packaging"
- Surrounded by a membrane containing lipids
- Environmently labile
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Viral Replication
- Transmission
- Recognition of target cell
- Attach
- Penetrate
- Uncoat
- Hi-Jack
- Assemble
- Lysis/release
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Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Transport
- Detection
- Culturing
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Specimen Transport
- Buffered isotonic solution with some protein and antibiotics
- Kept on ice or refrigerated
- Do not freeze unless significant delay
- Aspirated secretions best
- Swabs if dacron, nylon or cotton. Do not use calcium alginate (toxic to viruses).
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Detection
- Direct detection
- Indirect detection
- Culturing
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Direct detection
- Direct antigen detection (ELISA, latex agg. and immunofluorescence staining)
- Electron microscopy
- Nucleic acid detection (probe or PCR)
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Indirect Antigen Detection
same as direct antigen detection but using patient serum and prepared antigen material
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Common RNA viruses and Human RNA Viral Diseases
- Enteroviruses
- Rhinoviruses
- Hepatitis C
- Rotavirus
- Yellow Fever
- Dengue Fever
- Rubella
- Influenzae
- Mumps
- Measels
- RSV
- Rabies
- Hantavirus
- Retroviruses
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Enteroviruses
- RNA virus
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Polio
- Hepatitis A
- Echo, Coxacki, etc. (viral meningitis)
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Hepatitis C
- RNA virus
- No vaccine
- transmitted via syringes and multiple sexual partners
- "sleeper disease"
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Virus spread by misquito, RNA virus
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Rotavirus
- RNA virus
- Wheel-like shape on EM
- Gastroenteritis in young children
- NOT the stomach flu
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Rubella
- RNA virus
- "German measels"
- Fetal infection = birth defects
- Vaccine
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Influenza
- RNA respiratory virus
- fever, myalgias and cough
- pandemics worldwide
- amantadine and rimantadine
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Measles
- RNA virus
- "Red Measles"
- Caused by Rubeola virus
- Vaccine
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Viral pneumonia in young children
- RNA virus
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Rabies
- RNA virus
- Bullet shaped
- Bats and racoons trasmit
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Hantavirus
- RNA virus
- Inhaled aerosols (infected rodent feces/urine)
- "Sin Nombre"
- Clean up like any biohazard material
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Retroviruses
- RNA virus
- Oncoviruses (tumor causing)
- HIV
- Prevention
- No cure
- No vaccine
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Common DNA viruses and human DNA viral diseases
- Papillomavirus
- Herpes Group: HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV
- Pox viruses
- Hepatits B
- Ebola
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Papillomavirus
- DNA virus
- Warts (non-cancer forming)
- "HPV" (causes cancer and warts)
- STD
- Causes cervical cancer
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Herpes Simplex Type 1
- DNA virus
- Cold sore
- 15% genital herpes
- cancer causing
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Herpes Simplex Type 2
- DNA virus
- Genital herpes
- cancer causing
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Varicella
- DNA virus
- herpes group
- "chickenpox"
- "shingles"
- Vaccine available
- cancer causing
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- DNA virus
- Herpes group
- "mono"-like
- severe in immuno-compromised patients
- cancer causing
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Epstein-Barr Virus
- DNA virus
- herpes group
- infectious mononucleosis
- strongest oncogenic (cancer causing) agent
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Pox Viruses
- DNA virus
- Small pox (Variola virus)
- limited to humans and rare monkeys
- Feared for biological warfare
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Hepatitis B
- DNA virus
- "Serum Hepatitis" (spread by blood/sex)
- Vaccine
- Can cause cancer
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Ebola
- DNA virus
- "emerging pathogen"
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