Test 4.txt

1. The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A. electrons
B. sodium ions
C. calcium ions.
D. potassium ions.

2. Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

A. nonelectrolytes.
B. electrolytes.
C. osmoregulators.
D. electrons.
E. buffers

3. The principal cation intercellular fluid is

A. potassium.
B. magnesium.
C. sodium.
D. chloride.
E. calcium.

4. Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should

A. lose weight if overweight
B. reduce the amount of saturated fat in the diet
C. have annual checkups
D. modify their diet
E. All of the answers are correct

5. Each cytochrome contains

A. All of the answers are correct.
B. an ATP synthase.
C. a lipoprotein.
D. a metal ion
E. an inorganic salt.

6. The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A. decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions
B. conserve sodium ions.
C. decrease ECF.
D. excrete sodium ions.
E. conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.

7. List in order the structures of the renal corpuscle that a substance must pass through during filtration:

1. filtration slit (slit pore)
2. capsular space
3. dense layer
4. capillary endothelium

A. 3, 1, 4, 2
B. 2, 4, 3, 1
C. 4, 3, 2, 1
D. 4, 1, 2, 3
E. 4, 3, 1, 2

8. The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

A. the secretion of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophsis
B. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
C. All of the answers are correct.
D. an increase in facultative waste reabsorption.
E. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collection duct cells.

9. A glomerulus is

A. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.
B. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
C. attached to the collecting duct
D. the source of erythropoietin.
E. the expanded end of a nephron.

10. Urine is eliminated through the

A. urinary bladder.
B. ureter.
C. liver.
D. kidney.
E. urethra.

11. Consuming a meal high in salt will

A. cause hypotension
B. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
C. decrease thirst
D. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
E. result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

12. Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ____yields energy the quickest.

A. glucose
B. protein
C. fat
D. an amino acid
E. glycogen

13. The end products of aerobic respiration are

A. oxygen and water.
B. carbon dioxide and water.
C. NADH and FADH2
D. carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
E. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide.

14. If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?

A. Permanent kidney injury
B. Presence of blood in urine
C. Presence of protein in urine
D. Damage to the glomeruli
E. All of the answers are correct.

15. Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

A. creatinine.
B. amino acids
C. proteins.
D. hydrogen ions.
E. Urea.

16. During the absorptive state,

A. skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen.
B. insulin levels are low.
C. skeletal muscle fibers release glucose.
D. adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation.
E. The liver forms glycogen.

17. Lipids

A. are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells.
B. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose.
C. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
D. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble.
E. yield quick burst of energy.

18. The left kidney lies ____ to the right kidney.

e. superior

19. ________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.

A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Kidney stones
C. Polycystic kidney disease
D. Pyelonephrosis
E. Floating kidney

20. Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the

A. urethra.
B. kidney
C. urinary bladder
D. rectum.
E. ureter.

21. The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

A. releasing renin
B. regulating NaCl levels in the blood.
C. releasing erythropoietin.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.

22. Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A. tissues.
B. arteries.
C. veins.
D. capillaries.
E. muscles.

23. In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

A. helps waterproof the epidermis.
B. All of the answers are correct.
C. is a lipid component of all cell membranes.
D. is a key constituent of bile.
E. is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3.

24. The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

A. anabolism.
B. metabolism.
C. oxidative phosphorylation.
D. catabolism.
E. glycolysis.

25. The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A. distal convoluted tubule.
B. minor calyx.
C. collecting loop.
D. proximal convoluted tubule.
E. nephron loop (loop of Henle).

26. All of the following are components of ECF, except

A. RBCs.
B. peritoneal fluid
C. aqueous humor.
D. lymph.
E. cerebrospinal fluid.

27. During starvation

A. carbohydrate utilization increases.
B. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds.
C. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies
D. muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
E. gluconeogenesis ceases.

28. The strategy of eating starch foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

A. the Atkins diet.
B. carbohydrate craving.
C. glycolysis reaction.
D. carbohydrate loading.
E. overeating

29. The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of

A. blood pressure.
B. blood volume.
C. blood ion levels.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. blood pH.

30. Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A. All of the answers are correct.
B. stimulating thirst.
C. causing the release of ADH
D. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
E. stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.

31. Hypoventilation leads to

A. respiratory acidosis.
B. metabolic alkalosis.
C. metabolic acidosis.
D. respiratory alkalosis.

32. The function of the citric acid cycle is to

A. hydrolyze glucose.
B. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
C. transfer the acetyl group.
D. produce water
E. produce carbon dioxide.

33. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within

A. the cells of the body.
B. the interstitial space.
C. lymph.
D. the cerebrospinal fluid
E. blood vessels.

34. The cavity of the kidney that receives the urine from the calyces is called the

A. renal pelvis.
B. renal cortex.
C. renal medulla.
D. renal sinus.
E. renal papilla.

35. During glycolysis

A. hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.
B. All of the answers are correct.
C. a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
D. two molecules of ATP are consumed.
E. four molecules of ATP are produced.

36. The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the blood stream are

A. LDLs.
B. HDLs
C. chylomicrons.
D. VLDLs.
E. coenzymes.

37. When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

A. osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
B. both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
C. aldosterone is secreted.
D. the osmolality of the ECF falls.
E. the e is an increase in the volume of the ICF.

38. A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing binding hydrogen ion is called a(n).

A. electrolyte.
B. alkali.
C. acid.
D. compensation.
E. buffer.

39. Substances larger than _____ are normally not allowed pass through the filtration membrane.

A. sodium ions
B. glucose
C. urea
D. albumin
E. amino acids

40. The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A. the overlying peritoneum.
B. contact with adjacent visceral organs.
C. the renal fascia.
D. supporting connective tissues.
E. All of the answers are correct.

41. The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A. calyx.
B. pelvis.
C. hilum.
D. ureter.
E. pyramid.

42. Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A. an indication of dehydration.
B. All of the answers are correct.
C. minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium
D. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
E. increased by ADH.

43. The essential fatty acids are

A. cholesterol and glycerol
B. glycerol and pyruvic acid
C. linoleic acid and linolenic acid
D. HDLs and LDLs

44. About two-thirds of the body fluids is within cells and is termed ____fluid.

A. extracellular
B. intracellular
C. interstitial
D. intercellular

45. Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A. ANP
B. aldosterone
C. BNP
D. epinephrine
E. ADH

46. Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

A. All of the answers are correct.
B. stimulation of osmorectors
C. angiotension II acting on the hypothalamus
D. an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
E. drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx

47. The urinary system does all of the following, except that it

A. eliminates organic waste products.
B. regulates blood volume.
C. excretes excess albumen molecules.
D. regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
E. contributes to stabilizing blood pH.

48. Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following:

A. citric acid cycle only
B. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETS
C. citric acid cycle and ETS
D. glycolysis only
E. ETS only

49. All the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are

A. surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
B. located partly within the pelvic cavity
C. covered by peritoneum.
D. held in place by the renal fascia.
E. located in position that is retroperitoneal.

50. Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A. PTH
B. aldosterone
C. ADH
D. natriuretic peptides
E. acetylcholine

51. The renal veins drain into the

A. abdominal aorta.
B. inferior vena cava
C. peritubular capillaries.
D. segmental arteries.
E. renal arteries.

52. When pure water is consumed,

A. the volume of the ICF decreases.
B. osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
C. a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
D. the volume of the ECF decreases.
E. the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF

53. The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A. sodium, hydrogen, chloride.
B. sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
C. sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
D. sodium, potassium, and calcium.
E. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.

54. Reactions within ____ provides most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A. the plasma membrane
B. the endoplasmic reticulum
C. nucleus
D. the mitochondria
E. cytoplasm

55. Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

A. structural maintenance
B. produce secretions
C. store nutrients
D. growth and repair
E. All of the answers are correct.

56. Cells must synthesize new organic compounds

A. to produce secretions.
B. All of the answers are correct.
C. to support growth.
D. to perform structural maintenance or repairs.
E. to store nutrient reserves.

57. The citric acid cycle

A. begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
B. contains enzymes called cytochromes.
C. directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.
D. consumes two moles of carbon dioxide.
E. forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

58. A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ____from his body.

A. sodium
B. bicarbonate ion
C. hydrogen ion
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. water