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Anatomy
understanding the structure of the human body
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physiology
understanding the functions of the human body
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Name the 7 levels of organization
- 1. Chemical
- 2. Organelles
- 3. Cellular
- 4. Tissues
- 5. Organs
- 6. Organ systems
- 7. Human
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1.Chemical Level
contains atoms and molecules
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2. Organelles
Sub-cellular structures
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3. Cellular
Where life begins
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4. Tissues
- group of similar cells work together to preform a particular function. There are 4 types:
- 1. epithelial tissue
- 2. muscle tissue
- 3. connective tissue
- 4. nervous tissue
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5. Organs
composed of different kinds of tissue (2 or more) that combine to form structures with specific functions. Usually have a recognisable form.
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6. Organ Systems
Composed of several different organs, organized to preform a common function.
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7 Characteristics that describe life
- 1. metabolism
- 2. responsiveness
- 3. movement
- 4. growth
- 5. differentiation
- 6. reproduction
- 7. evolve
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1. Metabolism
- catabolism - large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (i.e- energy)
- anabolism - building up large molecules from small ones (i.e.- proteins)
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2. Responsiveness
detecting external and internal stimuli and responding in an appropriate matter.
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3. Movement
going from cellular to orgismal level
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4. Growth
- An increase in size
- either in number or stuff between cells
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5. differentiation
unspecialized stem cells become specialized (i.e.- zygote --> human)
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Homeostasis
maitenance of nearly static or constant conditions in the internal environment
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intracellular fluid
fluid inside the cell
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extracellular fluid
- fluid outside the cell. Broken down into:
- Interstitial= 80%
- Blood Plasma= 20% (body has the most control over)
- Transcellular= <1%
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3 components of controls mechanisms
- 1. Receptor/Sensor
- 2. Control Center
- 3. Effector
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1. Receptor/Sensor
monitors variable (i.e.- baro receptors)
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2. Control Center
- Integrating info
- Input
- Sets range of various values
- vaso monitor center
- generate output (response)
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3. Effector
- Recieve output
- produces change
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2 kinds of control mechanisms
- 1. Positive Feedback - increase/reinforve stimulis (i.e.- childbirth, blood clotting, orgasm, urination)
- 2. Negative Feedback - produces results that reduces/opposes the stimulus and returns value to normal range (most common)
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2 major organ systems
- 1. Nervous System
- 2. Endocrine system
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Nervous system
- skeletal muscle
- secretory activities
- smooth muscle contractions
- cardiac system
- *fast and rapid response
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Endocrine System
- Hormones
- Metabolic functions
- Growth & developement
- Smooth muscle contractions
- *long term
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Lateral
away from the midline
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medial
toward the midline
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Contralateral
structures on opposite sides of the body
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Ipsilateral
structures on the same side of the body
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Proximal
Closer to attachment
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Distal
farther from attachment
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Inferior
away from the head
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Anterior (ventral)
part of the body that moves forward
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Posterior (dorsal)
part of the body that is in the back
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Form Follows Function
form/structure of your body part is related to its function
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Water is a polar molecule because:
It is neutral, but positive and negative charges distribution/orientation is uneven
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4 important properties of water
- 1. Good solvent
- 2. Chemical Reactions
- 3. High heat capacity
- 4. Good lubricant
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Why is water a good solvent?
- Dissolves the following:
- 1. ionized substances (Na+, CL-)
- 2. Polar substances (glucose/sugars)
- 3. Molecules with charges (proteins)
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Why is water not a good solvent?
Doesn't dissolve molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds (Fats, oils, lipids)
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Hydrophilic
Dissolves in water
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Hydrophobic
doesnt dissolve in water
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Water - High heat capacity
absorb or release large amounts of heat energy without or with little change in its own temperature.
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Water - As a lubricant
i.e.- mucus(in abdominal, pelvic, heart cavities, etc)
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Water- chemical reactions
- works as a medium for chemical reactions
- hydrolysis
- dehydration synthesis
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Inorganic Compounds
- lack carbon
- usually simple molecule(i.e.- H20,Nacl, etc)
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Organic Compound
- contain carbon
- usually contain hydrogen
- always held together by covalent bonds
- i.e.- sugars, proteins, lipids, DNA
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Inorganic acids when placed in water
- Dissociate into:
- 1. One or more H+
- 2. One or more Anion
- acid > H+ + Anion
- HCL > H+ + CL-
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Inorganic bases when placed in water
- Dissociate into:
- 1. one or more OH-
- 2. one or more cation
- base > OH- + CATION
- KOH > OH- + k+
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Inorganic salts when placed in water
- Dissociate into:
- 1. Anion
- 2. Cation
- neither can be H+ or OH-
- salt > CATION + ANION
- NaCL > Na+ + CL-
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mixture
a combination of elements/compounds that are blended/mixed together but not chemically bonded together
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3 types of liquid mixtures
- 1. Solution
- 2. Colloid
- 3. Suspension
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1. Solution
- Solvent + solutes -> solution
- usually have more solvent than soloutes
- solutes randomly but evenly dispursed among the solvent molecules
- solutes very small (clear)
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2. Colloid
- mixture of solvent and larger particles (i.e.- milk)
- opaque
- do not settle out (remain suspended)
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3. Suspension
- mixture that contains a solvent and EVEN larger particles
- will settle out (i.e.- sand/water)
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4 major types of organic molecules found in the body
- 1. Carbohyrates
- 2. Lipids
- 3. Proteins
- 4. Nucleic Acids
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Why is carbon a good atom for complex molecules?
- builds easily
- 4 bonds per atom
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Macromolecule
large molecules composed of many smaller units (i.e.- amino acids, proteins)
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polymer
large, composed of many smaller units, all of the same kind
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3 major groups of carbohydrates
- 1. monosaccaride (simple sugar - glucose, fructose, glactose, ribose, deoxyribose) characterized from 3-7 carbon atoms
- 2. disaccaride (2 monosaccaride - glucose + fructose = sucrose)Lactose, maltose
- 3. polysaccaride (starch, glycogen)
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Functions of Carbohydrates in the human body
- energy
- structural
- signal molecules
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3 major types of lipids
- 1. Triglycerids
- 2. Phospholipids
- 3. Steroids
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1. Triglycerids
- COMPOSED OF:
- 1 glycerol molecule
- 3 fatty acids
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2. Phospholipids
- 1 glycerol molecule
- 2 fatty acids
- 1 phosphate group
- HAS 2 PARTS:
- 1. Polar head (hydrophillic)
- 2. Non-polar tail (hydrophobic)
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3. Steroids
4 carbon rings (takes cholesterol and modifies - like hormones, bile salts, vitamin D)
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Functions of proteins in the body
- 1. structural
- 2. contractal
- 3. immunological
- 4. transport
- 5. catalytic (enzymes)
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Proteins are made of:
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- (AMINO ACIDS)
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What type of bond holds amino acis together?
Peptide Bond
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4 Levels of structural Organization of proteins
- 1. Primary Structure (sequence of amino acids)
- 2. Seconary structure ( alpha helix, pleated sheet)
- 3. Tertiary structure (3-dimensional shape)
- 4. Quarternary structure (2 or more polypeptide, hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides)
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Why is structure in proteins so important?
because if you change the structure you will be changing the function
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Enzyme
- work as catalysts. Consist of two parts:
- 1. apoenzyme
- 2. cofactor
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DNA & RNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Ribonucleic Acid
- Composed of Nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate group)
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate - nucleotide - energy
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4 Principle parts of a cell
- 1. Cell membrane (intracellular, extracellular)
- 2 Cytosal (proteins, ions, CYTOPLASM)
- 3. Organelles (highly organized structures with characteristic shapes and specialized functions)
- 4. Nucleus
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Plasma Membrane
"Gate Keeper"
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Parts if the plasma membrane
- 75% phospholipids
- cholesterol, glycolipids
- proteins
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Phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophillic heads
- hydrophobic tails
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Proteins found in the plasma membrane
- 1. Integral proteins
- 2. peripheral proteins
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6 functions of proteins in the Plasma Membrane
- 1. Channel Proteins
- 2. Transporter Proteins
- 3. Receptor Proteins
- 4. Enzymes
- 5. Cell Identity Marker Proteins
- 6. Linker Proteins
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1. Channel proteins
- passageway (specific substance)
- ions usually pass through
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2. Transporter Proteins
- specific as to substance
- change shape
- may or may not require energy
- PASSIVE or ACTIVE
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3. Receptor Proteins
- bind to Ligands
- alters function of the cell
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4. Enzymes
catalyzes reactions on the cell's surface
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5. Cell Identity Marker Proteins
identifies cells as your own
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6. Linker Proteins
- attachment points, cell to cell connection
- provide structural stability
- anchor things to them
- provide movement
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3 Physiological properties of the Plasma Membrane
- 1. Communication
- 2. Electro Chemical Gradient
- 3. Membrane Permeability
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Active Transport
require energy by the cell (i.e - vesucular transport)
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Passive Transport
Require no energy by the cell
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Primary/Secondary Active Transport
- Primary - move substance against concentration gradient using ATP and protein pump
- Secondary - use concentration gradient from primary and use to move a second substance
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3 Passive Processes
- 1. Diffusion (Osmosis)
- 2. Diffusion through a channel
- 3. Facilitated Diffusion
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5 factors that influence diffusion
- 1. steepness of concentraion gradient
- 2. temperature (high temp = high kinetic energy)
- 3. size/mass of particles
- 4. surface area
- 5. diffusion distance
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Osmotic Pressure
Force of water molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
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Tonicity
- Concentration of solutes:
- Isotonic = normal
- Hypotonic = less solutes (hemolysis or lysis)
- Hypertonic = more solutes (crenated)
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Organelles
specialized structure that have a characteristic shape and that preform specific functions
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Ribosomes
- Proteins synthesis
- many attached to the Rough ER
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- flattened sacs
- protein synthesis and modification
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Smooth ER
- extends off the rough er(no ribosomes)
- synthsis of lipids
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Golgi Complex
- flattened membrane sacs
- entrance = cisface
- exit = transface
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Lysosome
- produced from the Golgi Complex
- Digests
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Mitochondria
- "POWER HOUSE"
- produces ATP
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Cillia and Flagella
- cillia - numerous and short
- flagella - fewer and longer (sperm)
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