Anatomy.txt

understanding the structure of the human body

understanding the functions of the human body

• 1. Chemical
• 2. Organelles
• 3. Cellular
• 4. Tissues
• 5. Organs
• 6. Organ systems
• 7. Human

contains atoms and molecules

Sub-cellular structures

Where life begins

• group of similar cells work together to preform a particular function. There are 4 types:
• 1. epithelial tissue
• 2. muscle tissue
• 3. connective tissue
• 4. nervous tissue

composed of different kinds of tissue (2 or more) that combine to form structures with specific functions. Usually have a recognisable form.

Composed of several different organs, organized to preform a common function.

• 1. metabolism
• 2. responsiveness
• 3. movement
• 4. growth
• 5. differentiation
• 6. reproduction
• 7. evolve

• catabolism - large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (i.e- energy)
• anabolism - building up large molecules from small ones (i.e.- proteins)

detecting external and internal stimuli and responding in an appropriate matter.

going from cellular to orgismal level

• An increase in size
• either in number or stuff between cells

unspecialized stem cells become specialized (i.e.- zygote --> human)

maitenance of nearly static or constant conditions in the internal environment

fluid inside the cell

• fluid outside the cell. Broken down into:
• Interstitial= 80%
• Blood Plasma= 20% (body has the most control over)
• Transcellular= <1%

• 1. Receptor/Sensor
• 2. Control Center
• 3. Effector

monitors variable (i.e.- baro receptors)

• Integrating info
• Input
• Sets range of various values
• vaso monitor center
• generate output (response)

• Recieve output
• produces change

• 1. Positive Feedback - increase/reinforve stimulis (i.e.- childbirth, blood clotting, orgasm, urination)
• 2. Negative Feedback - produces results that reduces/opposes the stimulus and returns value to normal range (most common)

• 1. Nervous System
• 2. Endocrine system

• skeletal muscle
• secretory activities
• smooth muscle contractions
• cardiac system
• *fast and rapid response

• Hormones
• Metabolic functions
• Growth & developement
• Smooth muscle contractions
• *long term

away from the midline

toward the midline

structures on opposite sides of the body

structures on the same side of the body

Closer to attachment

farther from attachment

toward the head

away from the head

Head

part of the body that moves forward

part of the body that is in the back

form/structure of your body part is related to its function

It is neutral, but positive and negative charges distribution/orientation is uneven

• 1. Good solvent
• 2. Chemical Reactions
• 3. High heat capacity
• 4. Good lubricant

• Dissolves the following:
• 1. ionized substances (Na+, CL-)
• 2. Polar substances (glucose/sugars)
• 3. Molecules with charges (proteins)

Doesn't dissolve molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds (Fats, oils, lipids)

Dissolves in water

doesnt dissolve in water

absorb or release large amounts of heat energy without or with little change in its own temperature.

i.e.- mucus(in abdominal, pelvic, heart cavities, etc)

• works as a medium for chemical reactions
• hydrolysis
• dehydration synthesis

• lack carbon
• usually simple molecule(i.e.- H20,Nacl, etc)

• contain carbon
• usually contain hydrogen
• always held together by covalent bonds
• i.e.- sugars, proteins, lipids, DNA

• Dissociate into:
• 1. One or more H+
• 2. One or more Anion
• acid > H+ + Anion
• HCL > H+ + CL-

• Dissociate into:
• 1. one or more OH-
• 2. one or more cation
• base > OH- + CATION
• KOH > OH- + k+

• Dissociate into:
• 1. Anion
• 2. Cation
• neither can be H+ or OH-
• salt > CATION + ANION
• NaCL > Na+ + CL-

ACID >7< BASE

a combination of elements/compounds that are blended/mixed together but not chemically bonded together

• 1. Solution
• 2. Colloid
• 3. Suspension

• Solvent + solutes -> solution
• usually have more solvent than soloutes
• solutes randomly but evenly dispursed among the solvent molecules
• solutes very small (clear)

• mixture of solvent and larger particles (i.e.- milk)
• opaque
• do not settle out (remain suspended)

• mixture that contains a solvent and EVEN larger particles
• will settle out (i.e.- sand/water)

• 1. Carbohyrates
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic Acids

• builds easily
• 4 bonds per atom

large molecules composed of many smaller units (i.e.- amino acids, proteins)

large, composed of many smaller units, all of the same kind

smaller units

• 1. monosaccaride (simple sugar - glucose, fructose, glactose, ribose, deoxyribose) characterized from 3-7 carbon atoms
• 2. disaccaride (2 monosaccaride - glucose + fructose = sucrose)Lactose, maltose
• 3. polysaccaride (starch, glycogen)

• energy
• structural
• signal molecules

• 1. Triglycerids
• 2. Phospholipids
• 3. Steroids

• COMPOSED OF:
• 1 glycerol molecule
• 3 fatty acids

• 1 glycerol molecule
• 2 fatty acids
• 1 phosphate group
• HAS 2 PARTS:
• 1. Polar head (hydrophillic)
• 2. Non-polar tail (hydrophobic)

4 carbon rings (takes cholesterol and modifies - like hormones, bile salts, vitamin D)

• 1. structural
• 2. contractal
• 3. immunological
• 4. transport
• 5. catalytic (enzymes)

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• (AMINO ACIDS)

Peptide Bond

• 1. Primary Structure (sequence of amino acids)
• 2. Seconary structure ( alpha helix, pleated sheet)
• 3. Tertiary structure (3-dimensional shape)
• 4. Quarternary structure (2 or more polypeptide, hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides)

because if you change the structure you will be changing the function

• work as catalysts. Consist of two parts:
• 1. apoenzyme
• 2. cofactor

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Ribonucleic Acid
• Composed of Nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate group)

Adenosine Triphosphate - nucleotide - energy

• 1. Cell membrane (intracellular, extracellular)
• 2 Cytosal (proteins, ions, CYTOPLASM)
• 3. Organelles (highly organized structures with characteristic shapes and specialized functions)
• 4. Nucleus

"Gate Keeper"

• 75% phospholipids
• cholesterol, glycolipids
• proteins

• hydrophillic heads
• hydrophobic tails

• 1. Integral proteins
• 2. peripheral proteins

• 1. Channel Proteins
• 2. Transporter Proteins
• 3. Receptor Proteins
• 4. Enzymes
• 5. Cell Identity Marker Proteins
• 6. Linker Proteins

• passageway (specific substance)
• ions usually pass through

• specific as to substance
• change shape
• may or may not require energy
• PASSIVE or ACTIVE

• bind to Ligands
• alters function of the cell

catalyzes reactions on the cell's surface

identifies cells as your own

• attachment points, cell to cell connection
• provide structural stability
• anchor things to them
• provide movement

• 1. Communication
• 2. Electro Chemical Gradient
• 3. Membrane Permeability

require energy by the cell (i.e - vesucular transport)

Require no energy by the cell

• Primary - move substance against concentration gradient using ATP and protein pump
• Secondary - use concentration gradient from primary and use to move a second substance

• 1. Diffusion (Osmosis)
• 2. Diffusion through a channel
• 3. Facilitated Diffusion

• 1. steepness of concentraion gradient
• 2. temperature (high temp = high kinetic energy)
• 3. size/mass of particles
• 4. surface area
• 5. diffusion distance

Force of water molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration

• Concentration of solutes:
• Isotonic = normal
• Hypotonic = less solutes (hemolysis or lysis)
• Hypertonic = more solutes (crenated)

specialized structure that have a characteristic shape and that preform specific functions

• Proteins synthesis
• many attached to the Rough ER

• flattened sacs
• protein synthesis and modification

• extends off the rough er(no ribosomes)
• synthsis of lipids

• flattened membrane sacs
• entrance = cisface
• exit = transface

• produced from the Golgi Complex
• Digests

• "POWER HOUSE"
• produces ATP

• cillia - numerous and short
• flagella - fewer and longer (sperm)