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Most radiographs are taken in a _____ position.
standing
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What are the different types of x-ray machines used?
- portable units (Minray, Bowie)
- semi-portable units
- stationary or fixed unit
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What is the mA for portable units? What does the mA mean for exposure time?
- 10 - 30 mA
- low amperage means long exposure times compared to small animal settings
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What are portable units best suited for?
- extremities
- not good for skull, cervical spine, or chest films
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What is the mA for semi-portable machines?
up to 300 mA
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What is the mA for stationary or fixed units?
up to 2000 mA machines
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What is the stationary or fixed unit best suited for?
- larger structures
- head, spine, thorax, pelvis, shoulder
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Other than the x-ray machine, what other equipment will we need?
- cassettes
- cassette holders
- cassette tunnels
- positioning blocks
- hot light
- film markers
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How do we use film markers to label radiographs?
- label front (F) and hind (H) limbs especially for views below the carpus and tarsus
- label left (L) and right (R)
- indicate direction of beam
- markers are traditionally placed at the dorsal or lateral aspect of the limb
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What kind of safety equipment do we need to use when taking radiographs?
- aprons
- gloves
- thyroid shields
- cassette holders
- machine stands
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Doubling distance by _____ decreases x-ray intensity.
25%
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What do we need to have on the film label for a radiograph?
- patient ID
- hospital name and address
- date
- markers
- position
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How do we prep the patient for a radiograph?
- may need to tranquilize
- remove any mud, dirt, bandage
- feet should be placed squarely
- for hoof shots: remove shoes, pick and clean foot with brush, pack foot with playdoh and cover with paper towel
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How do we name radiographic views?
named according to the direction of the beam as it enters the patient and exits the patient
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How do we name oblique views?
oblique views may have an angle listed between the first two terms
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What are the terms we use for radiographs?
- dorsal (at or below the carpus or tarsus)
- palmar (at or below the carpus)
- plantar (at or below the tarsus)
- medial
- lateral
- cranial (above the carpus or tarsus)
- caudal (above the carpus or tarsus)
- proximal
- distal
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Which terms are traditionally listed 1st?
front to back terms
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What is the abbreviation for dorsal?
D
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What is the abbreviation for palmar?
Pa
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What is the abbreviation for plantar?
Pl
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What is the abbreviation for cranial?
Cr
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What is the abbreviation for caudal?
Ca
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What is the abbreviation for medial?
M
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What is the abbreviation for lateral?
L
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What is the abbreviation for proximal?
Pr
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What is the abbreviation for distal?
Di
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What is the abbreviation for oblique?
O
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How do we name the oblique views?
first entry term/number of degrees/second entry term (hyphen) first exit term/second exit term
- example: dorso45lateral - palmaromedial oblique
- D45L - PaMO
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When would we incorporate the use of the terms proximal and distal?
- when we have an oblique view that is side to side and up and down
- first entry term/number of degrees/second entry term/number of degrees/third entry term (hyphen) first exit term/second exit term/third exit term
- example: plantaro45lateral60proximal - dorsomediodistal
- Pl45L60Pr - DMDi
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What is the old terminology?
- anterior
- posterior
- lateral
- medial
- oblique
- AP, APLMO, APMLO, PALMO, PAMLO
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