-
why do human need a very efficient respiratory system?
because we used it as a catalyst to produce ATP
-
list the components of the respiratory system
- 1-nose
- 2-pharynx
- 3-larynx
- 4-trachea
- 5-bronchi
- 6-lungs
-
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?
to provide the body with O2 and get rid of CO2 waster
-
what is the secondary function of the respiratory system?
help regulate blood PH
-
what are the six physical requirements for a efficient respiratory system?
- 1-gas exchange surface
- 2-exchange of surface must be moist
- 3-extensive blood supply
- 4-effective blood supply
- 5-air must be processed
- 6-immune defence
-
define respiration
respiration is the process of gas exchange in the body
-
what are the three steps to respiration
- 1-pulmonary ventilation
- 2-external respiration
- 3-internal respiration
-
what are the two regions of the respiratory system in the structural division of the system
- 1-the upper respiratory system
- 2-the lower respiratory system
-
what organs are found in the upper respiratory system
- 1-nose
- 2-nasal cavity
- 3-pharynx
-
what organs are found in the lower respiratory system?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-
when we divide the two respiratory system functionally what are the two regions?
- 1-conducting zone
- 2-respiratory zone
-
what organs are found in the conducting region?
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx down to bronchioles
-
what are the organs found in the respiratory system?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli and bronchioles
-
how many nasal cartilages are there? and how many types
9 cartilage structures
-
how many bones are there in the nose
two nasal bones
six nasal chonchae (R&L, superior, middle, inferior
-
Where are the vestibule found in the nose?
anterior portion of the nasal cavity, just inside the nortrils
-
what are external nares?
two openings in the nose
-
what type of tissue lines the nasal cavity?
pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithetial and goblet cells
-
what openings are found in the nasal cavity?
paranasal sinuses
-
what divides the nasal cavity in to two separate chambers
nasal septum
-
what is the function of nose hair?
to filter out large air particles
-
what is the function of the nasal conchae?
causes air to create a vortex
-
what is the function of the nasal cavity?
- 1-clean, moisten and warm air
- 2-olfactory stimuli
- 3-resonating chamber
-
what opening defines the end of the nasal cavity?
internal nares
-
what structures define the beginning and end of the pharynx?
internal nares to cricoid cartilage
-
what is the wall of the pharynx composed of?
skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane
-
what are the functions of the pharynx?
- 1-passageway for air and food
- 2-provides a resonating chamber
- 3-houses the tonsils
-
what are the 3 sub-regions of the pharynx?
- 1-nasopharynx
- 2-oropharynx
- 3-laryngopharynx
-
where does the nasopharynx start and end?
its posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate
-
where does oropharynx begin and end?
the oropharynx starts at the soft palate and extends to the level of the hyoid bone
-
where does the laryngopharynx start and end?
from hyoid bone to and ends at the esophagus
-
what tonsils are found in the pharynx?
- 1-the pharyngeal tonsil
- 2-the palatine tonsil
- 3-the lingual tonsil
-
what is the larynx composed of?
its composed of nine pieces of hyaline cartilage
-
what is the function of epiglottis?
to keep food from entering the lungs
-
what type of tissue lines the larynx?
ciliated mucous membrane
-
what are the false vocal chords?
upper fold-ventricular folds
-
what are the true vocal chords
lower fold-rima glottidis
-
describe the anatomy of the trachea
12cm long, composed of 16-20 C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
-
what is the carina?
internal divide of the trachea into L & R primary bronchis
-
describe the anatomy of the lungs
paired cone-shaped organ, enclosed within membrane
-
describe the anatomy of the bronchi tree within the lungs
trachea to primary bronchi to secondary bronchi to tertiary bronchi to bronchioles to terminal brochioles
-
where doe the exchange of respiratory gases begin?
respiratory bronchi
-
what are the 4 layers of parts of the respiratory membrane
- 1-alveolar wall-type 1&2 alveolar cells and macrophages
- 2-epithelial basement membrane
- 3-capillary basement membrane
- 4-capillary endothelium
-
what tonsils are found in the pharynx?
- pharyngeal
- palatine
- lingual tonsils
-
describe the anatomy of the respiratory membrane
- very thin, to allow diffusion of gases
- 300 million alveoli-large surface area for gas exchange
-
what does the term hypoxia mean?
low O2 levels
-
what is the significance of hypoxia for blood flow within the lungs?
vasocontriction in response, diverts pulmonary blood from areas of the lung to well-ventilated regions
-
define the term pulmonary ventilation
inhale and exhale of gases
-
define boyle's law
gas pressure is inversly proportional to the volume of the container, if container increase pressure decreases
-
what is inspiration
the process of breathing in
-
what are the principal muscles of inspiration during normal breathing?
diaphragm and external intercostals
-
what are the principle muscles of inspiration during labored breathing?
diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor
-
what is expiration
breathing out
-
describe apnea breathing pattern
temporary stopping of breathing
-
describe dyspnea
painful breathing
-
what is trachypnea?
rapid breathing
-
what is costal breathing?
pattern of shallow chest breathing
-
what is diaphragmatic breathing?
pattern of deep abdominal breathing
-
what does compliance mean?
the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall expands
-
what conditions can decrease compliance?
- scar lung tissue
- insufficient surfactant
-
where is resistance primarily found in within the lung?
in the brochioles
-
which has higher resistance inhalation or exhalation?
exhalation
-
what can control the amount of resistance within the lung?
stimulation from the sympathetic system
-
what does COPD mean?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-
what is the normal respiration rate in one minute?
12 breaths per minute
-
what is MVR? and what is a normal volume?
Minute Ventilation, total inhaled and exhaled per minute about 6liters
-
What is AVR? and what's the normal value?
Alveolar Ventilation Rate, about 4200ml
-
define Henry's Law?
Amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas and its solubility coefficient
-
Define Dalton's Law?
each gas mixture exerts its own pressure
-
what does the term partial pressure mean?
the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
-
what is the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760mmHg
-
what is the percent composition of gases in the atmosphere?
- 78.6% nitrogen
- 20.9% oxygen
- 0.93% argon
- 0.04% CO2
- 0.06% other gases
-
what is the partial pressure in the atmosphere at sea level?
- O2=158.8mmHg
- Nitrogen=597.4mmHg
- CO2=.03mmHg
- water=2.3mmHg
-
what law governs the diffusion across a membrane of a mixture of gas?
Dalton's Law=The greater the pressure difference the faster the difussion
-
what are the three factors that determine the rate of diffusion of a gas?
- partial pressure difference
- surface area
- diffusion distance
- molecular weight and solubility of gas
-
where is most of the O2 carried in blood?
- 98.5% on RBC
- 1.5% in plasma
-
What is Homoglobin?
O2 transporting protein
-
how many molecules of oxygen does each hemoglobin carry?
4 molecules
-
what is the most important factor in determining the binding and dissociation of oxygen to hemoglobin?
partial pressure of O2
-
does maternal or fetal homoglobin havea higher affinity for oxygen?
yes the fetus has a higher affinity
-
is deoxygenated blood completely lacking oxygen?
no some O2 is left
-
at rest how much of the available O2 is used by tissues?
about 25%
-
what is the Bohr effect
a decrease of blood Ph or increase of CO2 will cause homoglobin to release their O2 and stabilize Ph and Co2
-
does carbon monoxide or O2 have a higher affinity for hemoglobin?
O2 has higher affinity
|
|
