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techniques to induce altered states of consciousness
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Define psychotropes.
Anything ingested to alter consciousness.
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Auditory driving is ______ ______.
rhythmic sound
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Rhythmic moving is known as ______ ______.
kinetic driving
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Define sensory overload.
More sensory input than one is accustomed to.
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Define sensory deprivation.
Less sensory input than one is accustomed to.
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Not eating is known as _______.
fasting
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What is meditation?
Quiet concentration.
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Define possession sickness.
A spirit makes one sick to call one to be a shaman.
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A spirit that helps a shaman is a _____ ______.
spirit helper
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True/False: Most shamans have at least two spirit helpers. If false, why?
False. Most shamans have one spirit helper.
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True/False: When one is speaking an unknown language, they are experiencing xenolalia. If false, why?
False. They are experiencing glossolalia.
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Define xenolalia.
The belief that one is speaking an actual human language that is unknown to the speaker.
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Healing and The Supernatural
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Shamans go together with what religious type?
Animism.
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Define prescriber.
Someone who tell someone what to do.
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One who cast out evil spirits is an _______.
exorcist
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What is a spirit medium?
One through whom a spirit speaks or acts.
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True/False: A diviner is one who uses divination. If false, why?
True.
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Define divination.
Finding something hidden by means of the supernatural.
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True/False: The future is usually what is found through divination. If false, why?
True.
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What is a sorcerer?
One who does sorcery.
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Define sorcery.
Harming someone supernaturally through spells & paraphernalia.
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How do sorcerers heal people?
By attacking enemy sorcerers who are causing these people to be sick.
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One who receives messages from a god is a _______.
prophet
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Priests use liturgy, or ______ ______, to heal others.
memorized ritual
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Define ethnomedicine.
The study of health & healing in their cultural context.
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native theories of disease
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Explain native causes.
Nu supernatural element.
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Mechanical control of the supernatural is ______.
magic
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Explain the theory of disease-object intrusion.
A physical object has entered the body supernaturally and caused the sickness.
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The theory that one's soul has left the body is known as _____ ______.
soul loss
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Explain the theory of spirit intrusion.
A spirit enters the body and causes the sickness.
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True/False: Supernatural solutions are always necessary for spirit intrusion. If false, why?
False. Spirit intrusion sometimes requires natural solutions.
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Explain breach of taboo theory.
Someone does something prohibited and gets sick because of it.
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Define voodoo death.
A person believes they will die & then they die.
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What are the two points of view that anthropologists try to understand?
Etic and emic.
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True/False: Emic is the scientific point of view. If false, why?
False. Etic is the scientific point of view.
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What is the emic?
The point of view from within the culture.
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True/False: Etic would only be used by materialists, not interpretivists. If false, why?
True.
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aspects of successful healing
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What are the four aspects of successful healing?
- naming process
- personality of the healer
- patient's expectations
- techniques of healing
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Explain naming process.
The healer must be able to name the disease.
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Explain personality of the healer.
Whether or not the healer cares.
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Explain the patient's expectations.
Whether or not the patient expects to be held.
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What are two indicators of a patient's expectations?
- 1. Distance traveled - shows investment
- 2. Paraphernalia. Healers with more paraphernalia are more successful.
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What are the two main types of magic?
Imitative magic and contagious magic.
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Define imitative magic.
Magic that operates on the principal that like actions produce like results.
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Define contagious magic.
Magic that operates on the principal that after two things have been in contact, they continue to influence each other.
-
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What are the three uses of magic?
- Productive magic
- Protective magic
- Destructive magic
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means of magical manipulation
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Something said or sang that gives force to magic is an _______.
incantation
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True/False: An incantation of destruction is known as a mantra. If false, why?
False. It is known as a curse.
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Define oath.
An incantation that attests to truth.
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What is a mantra?
A constantly repeated incantation.
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Define amulet.
An object with magical force.
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Amulets have ______, which associates them with ________.
mana; animatism
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An object with a spirit that can be controlled is known as a _______.
fetish
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What are fetishes associated with?
Animism.
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A zombie is a _____ in _______.
fetish; Haiti
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Define sorcery.
Harming of someone supernaturally through spells and paraphernalia.
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True/False: Sorcery is innate, internal, & may be conscious. If false, why?
False. Sorcery is always learned, external, & deliberate.
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Define witchcraft.
Harming someone supernaturally through psychological processes only.
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Witchcraft is ______, _______, & may be ______.
innate; internal; unconscious
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True/False: Sorcery is a position of power, while witchcraft is a position of weakness. If false, why?
True.
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What are the three explanations for witchcraft belief?
- Explanation for misfortune
- Resolution for social tension
- Relationship fission
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What is meant by resolution for social tension?
Witchcraft accusation allows bad feelings to be brought out into the open and dealt with.
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What is meant by relationship fission?
Witchcraft accusation allows villages to split that otherwise would not split.
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Define evil eye.
Harming someone supernaturally through envy.
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True/False: Anyone can do the evil eye, which can be unintentional. If false, why?
True.
-
Who is associated with the evil eye?
Peasants.
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Define peasants.
People who grow their own food but are part of a larger economic system in which their surplus of food is taken by the elite.
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Who do peasants rely on when they need to be taken care of?
Other peasants.
-
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How many souls do Hmong believe people have?
7.
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What happens when one of these souls leaves it's body?
That person can become sick or depressed.
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Why are the deceased dressed in special outfits before their funerals?
These are the outfits they wear while meeting spirits.
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What happens if the ritual concerning the deceased is not done correctly?
Their spirit will return to haunt their family.
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True/False: Animals and human soles are closely related. If false, why?
True.
-
What do the colored seeds entering the hole signify?
Souls returning home.
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What happens to a shaman if he falls during a trance?
He will die.
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What is used to help secure souls to their bodies?
Strings tied around one's wrist.
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-
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Define omen.
A natural occurrence believed to have supernatural meaning.
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Divination by the stars is known as _______.
astrology
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Define ordeal.
The supernatural communicates through exposure to danger.
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A _______ _______ is a person through whom a spirit speaks or acts.
spirit medium
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True/False: The terms "dreams" and "visions" are distinct. If false, why?
False. They are interchangeable.
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A type of divination where a specific question is asked are known as an _______.
oracles
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Define semiotics. (2 parts)
The study of signs and how language works.
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Define sign.
The interplay between signifier and signified.
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True/False: That which is stood for is the signifier. If false, why?
False. That which is stood for is the signified.
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What is the signifier?
That which stands for something.
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True/False: Every signified is ultimately a signifier for itself. If false, why?
True.
-
Define percept.
Sensual information received.
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Define concept.
What exists in the mind as an idea of something.
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The actual thing referred to is known as the ________.
referrent
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What do some argue about the referent?
That it does not exist.
-
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Define trope.
A non-literal use of symbols.
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A comparison of two unlike things is known as a ______.
metaphor
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What are metaphors based on?
Similarity.
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What is the term for the use of an associated concept for the concept itself?
Metonymy.
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Metonymy is based on what?
Association.
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What is metonymy part of?
Metaphor.
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Define synecdoche.
Part for whole or whole for part.
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What is synecdoche based on?
Contiguity.
-
What us synecdoche part of?
Metonymy.
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Define irony.
The real meaning is concealed or contradicted.
-
What is irony based on?
Doubling of meaning.
-
main ways to communicate with the supernatural
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What are the main ways to communicate with the supernatural? (5 ways)
- Prayer
- Physiological experience
- Simulation
- Feasts
- Sacrifice
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What is meant by physiological experience?
Experiencing the supernatural in the body.
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Define simulation.
Acting out.
-
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Define ritual.
A stylized, symbolic action
-
True/False: A ritual is a rite.
Right.
-
A ritual a person does alone is known as a _____, while a ritual people do together is known as ________.
solitary; interpersonal
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A ritual done at specific times is known as _____, while one done for a specific purpose is known as _______.
calendrical; critical
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A _____ _____ ritual is one done all by itself, while an _____ ritual is one that's part of another ritual.
stand alone; embedded
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What are the 5 aims of ritual?
- technology
- therapy/antitherapy
- social control
- salvation
- revitalization
-
Describe technology.
Control of nature.
-
Describe therapy/antitherapy.
Healing/harming
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What is meant by salvation?
Keeping one away from an unwanted psychological state.
-
Revitalization is __________.
renewal
-
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Define rite of passage.
A ritual that marks a change in status.
-
What are the three steps contained in a rite of passage?
- Separation
- Transition
- Incorporation
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A symbol of separation from...?
The old status
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What happens in the transition stage?
One is in between statuses and the norms of the status are reinforced.
-
What sort of symbol is incorporation?
A symbol of entry into the new status.
-
Define liminality.
The condition of being in between statuses.
-
True/False: Liminality is a danger to society. If false, why?
True.
-
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Define rite of intensification.
A ritual that increases the feelings of a group about itself.
-
In a rite of intensification, what happens to the feelings of the individual about being in a group?
Those feelings are intensified.
-
An example of this rite of intensification would be a war ____ or _____.
dance; song
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A rite of license can also be known as a rite of _____ and _______.
rebellion; reversal
-
What is a rite of rebellion/reversal/license?
A ritual that gives one permission to do something one normally cannot do, but only during the ritual.
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What does the 1st theory of rebellion/reversal/license say? Provide an example.
This rite reinforces the norms by acting out the opposite. For example, Halloween.
-
What does the 2nd theory of rebellion/reversal/license say?
Rites of license prevent oppressed people from overthrowing their oppressors by giving a relief valve.
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A feeling of equal unity in a ritual is known as _________.
communitas
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What is anti-structure?
The negation of structure that reinforces the structure.
-
Rituals surrounding death are known as ______ rituals.
mortuary
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True/False: Endocannibalism is the act of eating one's enemies. If false, why?
False. Endocannibalism is the act of eating one's dead relatives.
-
True/False: Kuru is a disease found in only two cultures. If false, why?
False. Kuru is a disease found in only one culture.
-
What did researchers discover when they found kuru?
A whole new type of disease.
-
True/False: Only women and children practice endocannibalism. If false, why?
True.
-
What is the cause of kuru?
Sorcery.
-
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The expectations that one brings to a drug session are known as _____.
set
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The actual circumstances of the drug session are known as _______.
setting
-
What was the name of the study which compared American and Jamaican associations with marijuana?
Jamaican Marijuana Study
-
What four things did Americans associate smoking marijuana with?
- 1) Not thinking clearly
- 2) Moving slowly
- 3) Not wanting to work
- 4) Being hungry
-
True/False: Jamaicans associated the opposite traits that Americans listed with smoking marijuana. If false, why?
True.
-
Define hallucinogen.
A psychotrope that allows one to perceive things that other people cannot perceive.
-
The things that are seen within the eye itself or part of neuroprocessing are known as ______ imagery.
entoptic
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True/False: Form constants are entoptic imagery that are always the same. If false, why?
True.
-
What are the 7 form constants?
- Radial lines
- Grid
- Parallel lines
- Nesting curves
- Zigzags
- Meandering lines
- Dots
-
-
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Define philosophy.
An explanation for how things work or should work.
-
Describe Plato's Cave allegory in two parts.
- The men are chained, facing one wall of the cave
- They see shadows as reality
-
What is Plato's Cave an allegory of?
Education.
-
-
One's expectations of how the world works and everything in it is known as ________.
cosmology
-
Define ontology.
Knowing what is real and what is not real.
-
Knowing a good argument from a bad argument is _______.
logic
-
Proper behavior is _______.
ethics
-
Define cult (academic).
Any organized system of belief.
-
-
Define individualistic cult.
Each individual does the ritual for themselves.
-
An individualistic cult ritual would be a _____ ____, in which an individual searches for a vision that guides one's life.
vision quest
-
Define shamanic cult.
The shaman does rituals for clients.
-
A ______ cult is one in which everybody does rituals for clients.
communal
-
True/False: An example of this would be an ancestor cult, a cult which is directed towards ancestor spirits. If false, why?
True.
-
True/False: A priesthood cult is one in which a priest does rituals for the community. If false, why?
False. An ecclesiastical cult is one in which a priest does rituals for the community.
-
-
What are the two other steps leading up to priesthood?
-
Define ghost cult.
A cult directed towards preventing dead relatives from harming the community.
-
Define ancestor cult.
Looking towards dead relatives to get them to look after the community as they did in their life.
-
Define priesthood.
Priests doing rituals for the community.
-
What are the characteristics of priesthoods/priests? (5 characteristics)
- Liturgy
- Calendrical ritual
- Community rights in public
- Related to high gods
- No fee for each service.
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