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I. Response to Imperialism
Conquered
- i. Attempted to expel themà defeats due to industrial technology and modern weapons of war
- ii. Some accepted new governors
- iii. Adjusted to foreign rule
- 1. Tranditionalsit sought to maintain their cultural traditions, but modernizers believed that adoption of Western ways would enable them to reform their societies and challenge western rule
- 2. Most people stood between two exptremes
- a. Four different examples of responses: China, Africa, Japan, India
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Africa
- 1. New class of African leaders emerged in 20th
- a. Educated in colonial schools, they were the first generation of Africans to know West and write in their language
- i. Admired Wwestern culture and disliked their own, but still hated foreigner smore
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Westerners
- 1. Westerners exatted democracy, equality and political freedom, but didn’t apply them to the colonies
- a. There wre few democratic institutions, and colonia peoples could hold only lowly jobs in the colonial bureaucracy
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Economic prosperity
- a. Equally important, economic prosperity of the West never extended to colonies
- i. To many Africans, colonialism meant loss of their farmlands or terrible jobs on plantations or in sweatshops and factories run by foreigners
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Middle-class Africans
- 1. Although middle-class Africans did not suffer to the extent that poor peasants or workers on plantations did, they had complaints
- a. They usually qualified only for menial jobs in the government or business
- b. Purported superiorty of the Euopeans over the natives was expressed in several ways
- i. Segregated clubs, schools, and churches were set up as more European officials brought wives and began to raise families
- ii. Europeans also addressed natives by first names or called the adult males “boy”
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Conditions
- 1. Conditionsà complicated feelings about colonial masters and civilization
- a. Willing to admit superiority of many aspects of W culture, but hated colonial rule and were determined to assert their own nationality and cultural destiny
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Mix of hopes and resentments
- i. Out of this mixture of hopes and resentments emerged the first stirrings of modern nationalism iin Africa
- 1. During the first quarter of the 20th century, in colonial societies across Africa, educated native peoples began to organize political parties and movements seeking the end of foreign rule
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China
- 1. The humiliation of China by the Western powers led to much antiforeign violence, but the Westerners used this lawlessness as an excuse to extort further concessions from the Chinese
- a. Major outburst of violence against foreigners occurred in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900-1901
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Boxers
- a. Boxer Rebellion in 1900-1901
- i. “Boxers”- name givent o Chinese who belonged to a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists
- 1. Aim: to push the foreigners out of China
- a. Murdered oreign missionaries, Chinese who had converted to Christianity, railroad workers, foreign businessmen, and even the German envoy to Beijing
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Responses to killings
- a. Allied army consisting of Brits, French, German, Russian, American, and Japs attacked Beijing, restored order, and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government
- i. The imperial governemtn was so weakened that the forces of the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen, who adopted a program of “nationalism, democracy, and socialism,” overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1912
- 1. the new Republic of China remained weak and ineffectinve, and cChina’s travails were far from over
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