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wetland
land perodically underwater.
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plankton
- organsisms that can't swim against currents. Drifters.
- drifting plants= phytoplankton
- drifting animals= zooplankton
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Nekton
Free-swimming organisms.
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Benthos
Bottom-dwelling organisms.
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Littoral zone
Nutrient rich zone near the shore. Abundant and diverse plants and animals.
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Benthic zone
Zone at the bottom.
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Eutrophication
increase in the amount of nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem.
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Estuary
- Area in which fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean.
- Many nutrients and abundant life.
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Salt Marshes
- Where rivers deposit mineral-rich mud in estuaries.
- Absorb pollutants, protect inland, and serve as "nursery."
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Mangrove swamps
- Trees growing in shallow salt water.
- Tropical and Subtropical.
- Protect coast and are large habitats.
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Barrier Islands
- Islands that run parallel to shores.
- Protect mainland and wetland from storms and waves.
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Coral reefs
- limestone ridges built by coral polyps (limestone skeletons).
- Senstivive in warm, shallow water. House many organisms.
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Population
All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time.
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Density
Number of individuals per unit area.
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Dispersion
- Distribution
- Even, clumped, or random.
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Growth rate
Births-deaths=growth
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Reproductive potential
The maximum number of offspring each individual can produce.
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Generation time
Average time for a member of the population to reach reproduction age.
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Exponential growth
- Population keeps growing faster.
- Ex: 2 dogs -> 6 puppies. Those 3 pair dogs -> 6 more puppies each. Those 9 pairs (18 puppies) etc, etc.
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Carrying capacity
The maximum population an ecosystem can support indefinately.
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density dependent
Death due to high density (disease, predation, limiting resource, etc)
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Density independent
- death not related to density.
- Weather, disasters, age, etc.
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Niche
A species' physical home, the environmental factors necessary for its survival, and it's interactions with other organisms.
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Competition
- Different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource.
- Harmed Harmed
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Overlap
When members of different species compete.
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Predation & Parasitism
- species A feeds on species B.
- Benefit harmed
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Mutualism
- Each species benefits each other.
- Ex: Bacteria breaks down food & you give it home, etc
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Commensalism
- One species benefits & the other is not effected.
- Ex: Flower lives on tree.
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Symbiosis
- Two species live in close association.
- Usually leads to coevolution.
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Biodiversity
The number of different species in a given area.
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Gene
Piece of DNA that codes for a specific trait that can be inherited by the offspring.
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Keystone species
Species clearly critical to the functioning of an ecosystem.
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Ecotourism
Tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas.
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Endangered species
Species likely to become extinct if protective measures aren't taken immediately.
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Threatened species
Species that has a declining population and is likely to become endangered if not protected.
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Exotic species
Species not native to a particular region.
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Poaching
Illegal hunting.
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Endemic species
Species native and found in only a certain area.
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Germ plasm
any form of genetic material usually in germ cells.
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Endangered Species Act
- law that protects species in danger of extinction.
- -USFWS must make a list of all threatened and endangered species
- -These species can't be caught, killed, sold, or traded.
- -Gov can't carry out anything that jeopardizes these species.
- -USFWS must make a recovery plan for each of the species.
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Habitat conservation plan
Plan that attempts to protect one or more species across large areas of land through trade-offs or agreements.
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Biodiversity Treaty
Goal to preserve biodiversity and ensure the sustainable and fair use of genetic resources in all countries.
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