test 2 Bio 003

• Endergonic Reactions : Requires a net input of energy to get the reaction started.
• Photosynthesis is endergonic requires solar energy to drive the reaction.
• Stores the energy in the chemical bonds of the end product, glucose.
• Typically they store the energy input in the form of high energy bonds

• Exergonic Reactions Release energy. The amount of energy released in this reaction is
• equal to the difference in the potential energy of the reactants and the products.
• Exergonic reactions are energy-releasing.

Potential energy of reactants (sugar) is greater than the potential energy of the products (CO2).

these are proteins that function as catalyst. This means they speed up the rate of a chemical rxn in the body without being consumed in the process.

occurs in the cytoplasm (common to all organisms) with or without O2 (anaerobic)

in the Matrix of the mitochondria

cristae membranes of mitochondria

• glycolysis
• Kreb Cycle
• ETC

• Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm (common to all organisms) with or
• without O2 (anaerobic)

• a.     
•  Splits glucose, a 6 carbon
• compound, (C6) in half  to 2 (3 carbon
• compounds) pyruvate (C3)

• b.    
• makes 4 ATP, and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. Because glycolysis uses 2
• ATP, there is a net gain of 2ATP

• Kreb Cycle: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria only in the
• presence of oxygen (aerobic)

• a.     
• breaks pyruvate  down completely
• to carbon dioxide (CO2) (complete oxidation)

• b.    
• produces 2 ATP

• c.            
• reduces NAD to NADH and FADH to FADH2 (coenzymes). Overall 8
• NADH and 2 FADH2

• the Kreb Cycle works only when O2
• is presen

• Electron transport Chain: occurs in the cristae membranes of
• mitochondria

• a.     
• moves e- in the form of H+ down a chain or redox
• proteins in steps that involve a drop in energy

• b.    
• results in the production of a high potential energy H+ gradient

• c.     
• e- delivered to the ETC from NADH will produce 3ATP while those from
• FADH2 will  produce 2ATP

• d.    
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and it becomes reduced to water.
• ATP are produced only if O2 is available

• e.     
• Heat is released, this is the heat used to maintain body temperature and
• to facilitate chemical reactions in the body. This is also an example of the
• second law of thermodynamics…. The Law of Entropy.

Electric TransportChain

oxidation

reduction

Lactic Acid Fermentation    Pyruvate à  Lactic Acid  (NADH is oxidized) 

Alcohol (ethanol) Fermentation   Pyruvate à Ethanol  (NADH is oxidized) and CO2

Glycolysis: makes 4 ATP and2 NADH per glucose molecule. Because glycolysis uses 2 ATP, there is a net gain of 2ATP

Kreb cycle produces 2 ATP

 ETC:34 ATP

photosynthesis

cell respiration

• stroma
• grana stacks (thyllakoid membranes )

• Light Dependent Reactions: This is where sunlight energy is harvested and converted
• into cellular energy. It occurs in the thyllakoid membranes (grana stack) and requires pigments to harvest light. The light
• reaction.

•  Calvin Cycle = Dark Reactions: This is the sugar generating step.
• It occurs in the aqueous phase of the chloroplast called the “stroma”, is can
• occur in the presence or absence of 
• light.

• Kreb Cycle: occurs in the
• matrix of the mitochondria 
•             
• Electron transport Chain: occurs in the cristae membranes of
• mitochondria

• cell respiration exergonic
• photosynthesis endergonic

energy

potential

sun

• oxygen
• glucose

• oxygen
• atp
• nadph

glucose

endorgonic

ADP+ Pi -> ATP

stomata

light reaction

cell respiration

NADPH

oxygen

red and blue

chloroplast

cam

c4

• It occurs in the thyllakoid
• membranes (grana stack)