-
Endergonic
- Endergonic Reactions : Requires a net input of energy to get the reaction started.
- Photosynthesis is endergonic requires solar energy to drive the reaction.
- Stores the energy in the chemical bonds of the end product, glucose.
- Typically they store the energy input in the form of high energy bonds
-
Exergonic Reactions
- Exergonic Reactions Release energy. The amount of energy released in this reaction is
- equal to the difference in the potential energy of the reactants and the products.
- Exergonic reactions are energy-releasing.
Potential energy of reactants (sugar) is greater than the potential energy of the products (CO2).
-
ENZYMES:
these are proteins that function as catalyst. This means they speed up the rate of a chemical rxn in the body without being consumed in the process.
-
Glycolysis occurs where?
occurs in the cytoplasm (common to all organisms) with or without O2 (anaerobic)
-
Kreb Cycle occurs where?
in the Matrix of the mitochondria
-
Electron transport Chain
occurs in the ?
cristae membranes of mitochondria
-
3 steps of cell respiration?
-
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm (common to all organisms) with or
- without O2 (anaerobic)
- a.
- Splits glucose, a 6 carbon
- compound, (C6) in half to 2 (3 carbon
- compounds) pyruvate (C3)
- b.
- makes 4 ATP, and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. Because glycolysis uses 2
- ATP, there is a net gain of 2ATP
-
Kreb Cycle:
- Kreb Cycle: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria only in the
- presence of oxygen (aerobic)
- a.
- breaks pyruvate down completely
- to carbon dioxide (CO2) (complete oxidation)
- c.
- reduces NAD to NADH and FADH to FADH2 (coenzymes). Overall 8
- NADH and 2 FADH2
- the Kreb Cycle works only when O2
- is presen
-
Electron transport Chain:
- Electron transport Chain: occurs in the cristae membranes of
- mitochondria
- a.
- moves e- in the form of H+ down a chain or redox
- proteins in steps that involve a drop in energy
- b.
- results in the production of a high potential energy H+ gradient
- c.
- e- delivered to the ETC from NADH will produce 3ATP while those from
- FADH2 will produce 2ATP
- d.
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and it becomes reduced to water.
- ATP are produced only if O2 is available
- e.
- Heat is released, this is the heat used to maintain body temperature and
- to facilitate chemical reactions in the body. This is also an example of the
- second law of thermodynamics…. The Law of Entropy.
-
Which of the stages of Cell respiration produces
the most ATP molecules?
Electric TransportChain
-
the loss of electrons from one substance
is called ?
oxidation
-
the addition of electrons to another
substance is called ?
reduction
-
What are the two types of Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate à Lactic Acid (NADH is oxidized)
Alcohol (ethanol) Fermentation Pyruvate à Ethanol (NADH is oxidized) and CO2
-
How much ATP is made during Glycolysis, Kreb andETC
Glycolysis: makes 4 ATP and2 NADH per glucose molecule. Because glycolysis uses 2 ATP, there is a net gain of 2ATP
Kreb cycle produces 2 ATP
ETC:34 ATP
-
Carbon dioxide + water +sunlight -> glucose+oxygen
photosynthesis
-
glucose+ oxygen->carbon dioxide + water
cell respiration
-
What are the compartments of the chloroplast and what takes
place in each compartment?
- stroma
- grana stacks (thyllakoid membranes )
- Light Dependent Reactions: This is where sunlight energy is harvested and converted
- into cellular energy. It occurs in the thyllakoid membranes (grana stack) and requires pigments to harvest light. The light
- reaction.
- Calvin Cycle = Dark Reactions: This is the sugar generating step.
- It occurs in the aqueous phase of the chloroplast called the “stroma”, is can
- occur in the presence or absence of
- light.
-
What are the compartments of the mitochondria and what occurs
in each compartment?
- Kreb Cycle: occurs in the
- matrix of the mitochondria
-
- Electron transport Chain: occurs in the cristae membranes of
- mitochondria
-
cell respiration and photosynthesis,
which is endergonic and exergonic
- cell respiration exergonic
- photosynthesis endergonic
-
What word defines the ability to do work?
energy
-
What type of energy is glucose and starch?
potential
-
Give an example of kinetic energy
sun
-
What are the 2 end products of photosynthesis?
-
What are the 3 end products of the light
reactions?
-
What is the end product of the dark
reaction?
glucose
-
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?
endorgonic
-
What are the two reactants (substrates) used to
make ATP?
ADP+ Pi -> ATP
-
where gas exchange occurs in plants
stomata
-
making NADPH and ATP
light reaction
-
making ATP using NADH
cell respiration
-
the final electron acceptor of photosynthesis is
NADPH
-
the final electron acceptor of cell respiration is
oxygen
-
What is the primary pigment used by plants to harvest light?
red and blue
-
In what area of which organelle does
photosynthesis?
chloroplast
-
Which type of plant closes its stomata in the
day and stores CO2 in the night in the form of malic acid: (C3, C4
or CAM)?
cam
-
Based on the mode of photosynthesis, what type
of plant is corn:
c4
-
Light Dependent Reactions occurs where?
- It occurs in the thyllakoid
- membranes (grana stack)
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