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Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties: The uncertainties in Euroepan intellectual and cultural life were paralleld by growing anxieties in European __life. Growth of __ and __ waned. New __ opened the door to changes that were unacceptable and liberals had to adapt.
- political
- liberalism and political democracy
- mass politics
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New politics based on __were bad. With new voting rights, workers elected __who demanded new reforms when they took places in __. Women made new demands, wanting to __ and fighting for it. Tensions grew in c. and e. Europe as governments refused to meet demands of reformers. In US, a new giant appeared
- racism
- socialists
- legislative bodies
- voite
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I. The Movement of Women’s Rights
- a. Women upset of prejudice and wanted improvement
- i. Family and marriage laws made difficult for women to divorce and property laws gave husbands control over their things
- b. Early efforts unsuccessful: didn’t gain property rights until 1870-1907
- i. Britain legalized divorce in 1857, but French: 1884 (limited degree)
- ii. No success in Spain
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New Professions
- i. Middle and upper middle class women had education and some wanted male occupations
- 1. First to fall was teaching
- 2. Mecause medical traaingi was closed to them, they wanted nursing
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Nursing
- a. Nursing pioneer was Amalie Sieveking
- i. Founded Female Association for the Care fo the Poor and Sick in Germany
- Florence Nightinglae and Clara Barton transformed nursing
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Right to Vote
- i. Call for equal political rights, especially vote, which was key to all other reforms to improve their position
- ii. British Women’s movement
- 1. Most vocal and active in Europe, but divided over tactics
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Liberal Millicent Fawcett vs. Radical Emmeline Pankhurst
- a. Liberal Millicent Fawcett organized a moderate group who believed women must demonstrate that they would use political power responsibly if they wanted Parliament to grant them the right to vote
- b. Radical people, like Emmeline Pankhurst and draughts, Christabel and Sylvia, founded the Women’s Social and Political Union in 1903, which enrolled mostly middle- and upper class women
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Members of Pankhursts' organization....
- i. Members of Pankhurst’s organization realized the value of the media and used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to their demands
- ii. Called “Suffragettes” by male politicians, they pelted gov. officials with eggs, chained selves to lamps, smashed windows,e etc.
- iii. 1913: Emily Davison accepted martyrdom for cause by throwing self in front of king’s horse
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Suffragist Aim
- a. Suffragist aim: right of women to full citizenship
- ii. Only Finland, Norway, and some American states gave right to vote before 1914
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Efforts for Peace
- i. Besides suffrage, women supported peace movements
- 1. Bertha von Suttner became head of Austrian Peace society and protested against growing arms race in 1890s
- a. Lay Down Your Arms
- 2. Lower class women joined too
- a. Group of female workers marchied in Vienna (1911)
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The New Woman
- i. Women who renounced traditional feminine roles
- 1. Some supported political ideas like socialism, others wanted out of house
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Maria Montessori
- 1. Attended medical school at URomeà first Italian women to get medical degree
- 2. Undertook lecture tour on subject of new woman, whom she said were women who followed rational, scientific perspective
- 3. Worked for mentally handicapped children, helping htem read and write
- a. Education system based on students learning at own pace
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