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Rank order of world energy consumption
- gas
- oil
- coal
- nuclear
- hydro
- biomass
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US sectors with largest demands of oil, natural gas, coal
- oil: transportation industry
- natural gas: buildings
- coal: electric power
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primary energy for major countries:china, france, russia, brazil
- China: coal (22%)
- France: nuclear (2.5%)
- russia: gas (6.5%)
- brazil: hydro (1.8%)
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US vs. China
- US: oil, natural gas, coal (6.3 TOE/capita)
- China: coal, oil, natural gas (1.56 TOE/capita)
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Petroleum!
- -remnants of organic material (not plants)
- - formed: by pressure and high temp trapped by impermeable layer
- - formation rate: 7,000 barrels/yr
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Wells
- First commerical: titusville, pa
- largest: spindletop, beaumont, tx
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Largest reserves in Middle East
Saudi Arabia
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top five sources for US imports
Canada, saudi arabia, venezuela, mexico, nigeria
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what's OPEC!?
organization of the petroleum exporting countries
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peak oil Hubbert
- - peak oil theory
- - bell curve
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EROEI
- Energy return on energy invested
- trends: conventional, got worse
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Extraction (primary)
oil flows to bore hole driven by ambient pressure in reservoir (~10-15%)
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extraction (secondary)
injection of high pressure water (up to 20%)
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Extraction (tertiary)
deep steam, CO2 injection acts as solvent, increases mobility of remaining oil currently used in w. texas (10%)
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Drilling (horizontal/offshore) Advantages
- Multiple holes to be drilled/platform
- Provides access to otherwise inaccessible reserves
- *Worlds Deepest Platform: Perdido Gulf Mex. - **owned by Royal Dutch Shell
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Oil Transport
Single Vs Double Hull
- Single: More likely to spill
- --Nissos Amorgos Sea empress
- Double: Safer
- --Olympic Sponsor, Borga
- **Both crashed in Venezuela
- ***Most Cost Effective way to move oil
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Simple distillation
Seperates natural components by boiling point
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Downstream Distillation
Chemically changes ratio of natural components
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Fractional Distillation
- Heated
- extracted @ different heights along column
- followed by chemical processing
- *1 barrel=42 gallons
- ** largest components: Gasoline, Distilated Fuel oil, and jet fuel.
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Cracking
Breaking bigger hydrocarbon molecules into gasoline (heat, chemical catalyst)
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Polymerization
Assembling gasoline from smaller hydrocarbons molecules
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Reforming
Changing molecular structures of "low Quality" gasoline molecules
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Define"Unconventional Oil"
3 types
- -Petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the well method
- - Oil Shale(Kerogen)
- - Shale Oil
- - Tar Sands(bitumen)
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Tar Sand (Bitumen)-Adhesive/WaterProofing
-2 Largest Reserves in which Countries
-Recovery process
-%Currently Recoverable
- -Venezuela, Canda
- -Open Pit mining/fractional distillation
- -10% recovery
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Keystone Pipeline
-What is it
-Where is it
-Issues/concerns
- -Tar sands transportation pipeline
- -Alberta Canada to Texas
- -(+)Energy Security, Increased Tax Revenue, Jobs
- -(-)Carbon Footprint, possible contaminate
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Oil Shale (Kerogen)
-Green River Formation
- -Extends across 3 States:Colorado, Utah, Wyoming
- -3x Saudi Arabia Reserves
- -78% on Federal Land
- ->1000 down
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Retorting Process
- -Lots of water
- -2-3 barrels/1 barrel
- -leftover shale residue
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In-Situ Conversion Process (ICP)
- -Heating the ground
- -ice wall to control groundwater
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Shale Oil (Trapped)
-What is it
-high/low EROEI
- Fracking issues(+/-)
- -Trapped in Rock (NOT KEROGEN)
- -LOW EROEI, High Carbon Intensity!
- -(+)Jobs, huge reserves of petroleum, state taxes
- -(-)Clogged roads, noisy, cement leakage, oil spills, cementing inadequate
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Addicted to oil
- issues
- solutions
- -Issues: terrorism funding, energy security, greenhouse emissions, eroding things, vehicles
- - Solutions: solar power, wind, hydro, hybrids, hydrogen fuel cells
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Major environmental concerns :( (shale oil)
- oil spills
- water pollution
- climate change (CO2)
- - Waste pits
- - Oil companies are digging more wells rather than fixing water pits
- - uses lots of water
- - methane present
- - emits high amounts of hydrocarbons
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Natural gas (background)
- -History: greece built temple had escaping natural gas, china bamboo pipeline brine,
- western street lighting, bunsen mix of gas and air
- - Uses: space heating, hot water, boilers, transportation, chemical feedstock
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Natural gas (electricity)
- - continually increasing since 1990s
- - less expensive than conventional steam units
- - more environmentally benign (no SO2, less CO2)
- - incrementally increase in capacity
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Natural gas (hydrocarbon formation)
- - natural gas formed below oil-producing region, above the zones favoring graphite
- - 4.5 kilometers in depth
- - how: hc's migrate up, released to ocean or atmosphere, trapped by impermeable rock
- - Composition: high sulfur = sour
- - normally treated to remove impurities
- - odorous compound, leakage
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Largest natural gas reserves
- - Russia (38%)
- - Middle East (35%)
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Distribution (sea)
- - liquified natural gas (LNG)
- - 4 locations: everret, MA; lake charles, LA; elba island, GA; cove pt, MD
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LNG chain
- - Treatment: condensate removal, CO2 removal, dehydration, mercury & H2S removal
- - value chain: gas production, liquefaction plant, shipping, regasification terminal, pipeline delivery
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natural gas (land)
- - pipeline system
- - (1891) first pipeline central indiana to chicago
- - eventual pressurized pipelines over 3 x 10^5 miles
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Natural gas potential??????
- - only four offloading terminals in US for importing
- - shipping capacity in long-term contracts with Japan, korea, taiwan
- - transportation expensive
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Unconventional Natural Shale Gas Major Formations
- Marcellus-Largest New York Area
- Bakken:North Dakota?
- Mancos: Utah, Colorado
- Barnett:Texas
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Biogenic VS Thermogenic (METHANE)
- Biogenic
- -Generated from bacteria/organic matter dry area
- -found @ less than 1000 ft in lower carbon coal
- Thermogenic
- -typically a wet gas with trace amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide....
- -Greater than 1000 ft depth
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Coal
-Where and how is it formed
-Formation Rate
-Largest Reserves
- -Terrestrial trees/swamps,
- -formation:1 meter/6,000-9,000 years
- -Largest Reserves: U.S. Eastern Europe, Asia
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Types of Coal:Lignite (brown Coal)
- -25-35% CARBON
- -Compressed Peat
- -texas North Dakota
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Types of Coal:Bituminous (Western Vs Appalachian) SOFT COAL
- Wester(Subbituminous)
- -35-45% carbon
- -40% US COAL
- Appalachian(Bituminous)
- -45-86% carbon
- -50% us Coal
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Types of Coal: ANthracite (Hard CoAL)
- -86-97% carbon
- -PA. WV, WA
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Top WORLD CONSUMERS COAL!!@
-CHINA, E. EUROPE, ASIA, N. AMERICA
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Coal Mining Hazards
- Explosions
- -Coal dust(black lung)
- -methane
- Cave-ins
- Flooding
- Abandoned Mines
- Ventilations
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Coal Mining: Surface (MTR)
- -Highwall
- --Contour:Follows coal seam along hillside
- --Auger Large drills
- -Mountain Top Removal
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Coal Processing"
- -Loaded on conveyor belt
- -cleaned and processed to remove dirt rock ash sulfur, etc.
- -Increases heating value of coal
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Coal Slurry
- -Byproduct of Washing
- **Toxic Sludge-Mix of water, coal dust, clay and toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, lead, copper and chromium.
- -800 ponds in US
- **200 ON TOP OF ABONDONED SURFACE MINES
- ***SLurry INjection
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Coal Transportation
- Wyoming
- - railroad
- - 100 miles a train per day
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Power plant consumption
- 1000 MW power plant with consume 9000 tons of coal every day
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Coal pollutants
- - power plants emit 40% of US CO2
- - largest contributor of toxic air pollutants and release about 50% of particle pollution
- - 59% of total US sulfur dioxide pollution and 18% of total nitrogen oxides every year
- - smokestack emissions, 48 tons of mercury nationwide
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Regulations - surface mine SMCRA
- - sURFACE MINIGN CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT
- - illegal to abandon mines
- - restore land back to usable conditions
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Regulations (water)
- - Clean water act 1970
- - water quality
- - buffer zone rule: can't mine within 100 ft of water
- - amended buffer zone rule in 2008
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Regulations AIRRRR
- - cLEAN AIR ACT 1970 richard nixon
- - six criteria pollutants: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, lead
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