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are right or left lungs larger in the cow? is the mediastinum complete or incomplete?
- Right larger (first affected by pneumonia)
- complete mediastinum
-
what is the significance of having more connective tissue in the septa?
no collateral ventilation so will not reinflate once collapsed
-
how does alveolar surface area and airflow rate compare to other species?
- alveolar surface area = 50%
- airflow rate = 300% - hi airflow leads to more pathogens transported through lungs
- (smaller lungs overall = reduced heat tolerance and red. resistance to infections)
-
what is an infectious cause of obstructed airflow that can be treated with ivermectin?
oestrus ovis
-
what is a possible non-infectious cause of open mouth breathing in calves?
persistent membrane obstruction
-
why should you palpate the top of the cow while ausculting the lungs?
ruptured bullae can cause SQ emphysema
-
How will pleural fluid/mass in pleural space vs. pulmonary edemaaffect ability to hear bronchovesicular sounds?
- pleural fluid/mass: decreased
- pulmonary edema: increased
-
How will thin vs. thick body wall affect ability to hear bronchovesicular sounds?
- thin: increased
- thick/fat: decreased
-
How will rapid, deep or labored breathing affect ability to hear lung sounds?
increased sounds
-
with ultrasound what signs of respiratory disease are apparent? 3
- comet tails - fibrin
- abscesses
- consolidated areas (presence of fluid in lung tissue)
- presence of free fluid (pleural fluid)
-
what is the best diagnostic test for evaluating the environment in the lung/culture respiratory disease?
transtracheal wash
-
what is the best collection method for cytology?
bronchoalveolar lavage (NOT good for culture though)
-
when are nasal swabs helpful for diagnosis?
when trying to isolate VIRUSES or pure cultures of non-commensals (mycoplasma)
-
what is the causative agent of mycotic nasal granuloma? who gets it?
- rhinosporidium spp.
- no breed, sex, gender, or season predilection
-
what are clinical signs of mycotic nasal granuloma
How is it diagnosed?
- epistaxis & nasal discharge
- endoscopy/histopath
-
how is mycotic nasal granuloma treated?
- antifungals are illegal in FA
- sodium iodide or surgery
-
which breeds are more often associated with allergic rhinitis, a hypersensitivity I reaction to plant pollen/fungal spores?
- channel island breeds
- friesians
-
what type of weather and what clinical signs are associated with allergic rhinitis?
- warm, moist environment
- intense pruritis
- granulomas + pale pink, flat plaques
- (also stertor, nasal discharge, dyspnea)
-
what will impression smear of the plaques show with allergic rhinitis? how is this treated?
- eosinophils
- antihistamines (not labeled for FA) or steroids/dexamethasone (cause abortions)
-
what retroviruses are associated w/enzootic nasal tumors? where does neoplastic transformation occur?
- ovine/caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus
- secretory epithelial cells of nasal turbinates
-
nasal tumors present with open mouth breathing/dyspnea, discharge and other non-specific upper respiratory signs. How is it treated?
surgical removal - recurs and lots of bleeding at surgery
-
Sinusitis is more common in cattle than small ruminants. What are some causes? 4
- dehorning (frontal)
- infected teeth (maxillary)
- Tumor/infection (Actinomyces)
- trauma - broken horn,facial fx
-
At what age does the horn attach to periosteum of the frontal sinus? at what age does the cornual diverticulum open into the horn?
- 2 mo - periosteum
- 6 mo - cornual diverticulum
-
what are clinical signs of sinusitis? 5
- ADR (lethargy, fever, anorexia)
- Frontal bone distortion
- Exophthalmos
- Neuro
- Nasal d/c
-
Clinical signs and history are usually enough to diagnose sinusitis. How is it treated?
trephination - flush daily with dilute antiseptic - Penicillin
-
what are some clinical signs of pharyngeal trauma, as seen with misuse of a balling gun? 6
- Ptyalism
- Dysphagia
- Bloat
- Throat edema
- Fever
- Gas in tissues seen on rads
-
How is pharyngeal trauma treated?
- Abs + NSAIDs
- Ventral Drainage
- +/- rumenostomy/tracheostomy
-
when performing ER tracheotomy, should you cut in the cranial, middle, or distal third of the neck? why?
- middle 1/3
- cranial - can damage thyroid or cut into larynx
- caudal - trachea deeper- more dissection/more dead space/infection
-
What is the causative agent for necrotic laryngitis?
What is another name for this disease?
- fusobacterium necrophorum
- Calf Diptheria
-
Who is affected by necrotic laryngitis?
When?
- Feedlot calves 3-18mo
- fall and winter
-
How does fusobacterium necrophorum cause a problem in the larynx since it can not invade intact mucosa?
- Viral (IBR) or bacterial (mannheimia) infection
- Cough & laryngeal ulceration
- F. necrophorum penetrates
- Infection and swelling
-
Clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis are similar to those of balling gun injuries, but how is this condition treated?
- Oxytetracycline (or sulfas, penicillin)
- NSAIDs (no aspirin since given orally, avoid PO)
-
what are some secondary complications associated with laryngeal damage?
- Roarer
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Poor doer
-
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex is most prevalent after shipping and comingling cattle. How long after shipping do signs typically occur?
7-10 days after moving
-
what are typical signs of BRDC? 7
- Cough (moist or dry)
- Dyspnea
- Solo
- Anorexia
- Nasal D/C & Dirty nose
- Foul breath
- Oral erosions
-
what viral pathogens are associated with BRDC? 4
-
what bacteria are associated with BRDC? 5
- Mannheimia hemolytica
- Pasteurella multocida
- Histophilus somni
- Mycoplasma bovis
- Arcanobacter pyogens
-
how does level of fever and type of nasal discharge compare between viruses and bacteria?
- virus: hi fever, serous discharge
- bacteria: mild to moderate fever; purulent discharge
-
Is animal more likely to be depressed with viral or bacterial respiratory infection?
- bacterial = depressed
- viral = more alert
-
Which Lung sounds sounds are heard with Viral vs Bacterial Lung
- Bact= Pleural Friction Rub, Crackles & Wheezes
- Viral = Bronchovesicular
-
Shipping fever causes which type of Pneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia
-
what are the components of shipping fever and cause bronchopneumonia?
- PI3, IBR, BVD
- Histophilus, Mannheimia
-
what are the components of enzootic calf pneumonia and cause bronchopneumonia?
-
what are causes of interstitial pneumonia?
-
Which respiratory virus is herpes 1? where does this virus reside while latent?
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (red nose)
- *trigeminal nerve* - reactivated by stress - shed in ocular/nasal secretions
-
Is IBR more prevalent in feedlots, beef calf/cow, or dairy operations? what age are cattle? how long is incubation?
- feedlots
- > 6 mo
- incubation 2-6 days
-
what are classic clinical signs for IBR? 5
- high fever
- hyperemia of nasal turbinates/muzzle/hard palate ("red nose")
- "sewer pipe trachea"
- conjunctivitis/corneal edema
- abortions
-
Is IBR associated with high or low fatality rates? are abortions associated with IBR?
- low fatality (unless complicated by 2ndary bacteria)
- abortion storms may occur
-
How is IBR diagnosed?
- virus isolation
- nasal swabs
- fluorescent antibodies
-
what is treatment for IBR? 3 is there a vaccine?
- Abs to prevent 2ndary bacterial
- supportive (NSAIDs, fluids, etc)
- monitor cornea
intranasal vx during outbreak (interferon); injectable MLV for prevention (within 48 hrs)
-
What paramyxovirus has high antibody prevalence in feedlots, indicating it is endemic? Does this virus cause problems in young or adults?
- parainfluenza 3
- *young* affected - the older the cow the more protective antibodies
-
what are clinical signs and necropsy findings for parainfluenza?
How is it diagnosed?
- *mild*non-specific viral signs (cough, fever, tachypnea)
- No specific necropsy lesions
- Most have antibodies, single titers not helpful
-
what is treatment for parainfluenza? is there a vaccine?
- supportive care
- vaccine for prevention
-
what paramyxovirus causes severe signs in young by affecting respiratory cilia?
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
-
what type of pneumonia is associated with BRSV?
- interstitial pneumonia - edematous/heavy wet lungs
- emphysema in dorsum SQ if bulla rupture
-
Signs associated with BRSV can be severe or animal can be found dead. What are ways to diagnose BRSV ante mortem and post mortem?
- AM: virus isolation, serology, IF on nasal swabs
- PM: interstitial pneumonia, emphasematous bulla, IH
-
what is tx for BRSV? is there a vaccine?
- Abs if concerned about 2ndary bacteria + dexamethasone (to stop inflammation) or antihistamines (unavailable for cattle)
- vaccine for prevention, highly effective
-
why should you avoid lush grass and legumes in patients with BRSV?
can lead to "Fog Fever" (synergism with ABPEE)
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