Genetic info in bacterial and archaeal cells is contained with a ___.
Chromosome
Something that is said to have a single set of genetic info is said to be ___.
Haploid
The chromosome exists as thread like fibers assoc with some protein & is localized in the cytosol within a space called the ___.
NucleoidNucleotides
Chromosome morphology in bacteria & archaea is usually ___ but in eukarya it is usually ___.
Circular
Linear
What are plasmids?
Stable, extrachromosomal DNA elements
Do not carry essential info
What do F plasmids allow for?
Transfer of genetic info fr donor to recipient
What are R plasmids for?
Resistance factors
ie genes for antibiotic resistance
DNA replication occurs in what 3 phases?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Where does replication initiate or start?
At a fixed region on the chromosome called the OriC
What structure unwinds & unzip the 2 polynucleotide strands ?
Helicases
What structure keeps template strands separated for the replication of complimentary strands?
Stabilizing proteins
In each DNA replication factory, yet to be replicated template strands move through a V-shaped ___ ___.
Replication fork
During the elongation phase of DNA replication, what structure moves along each strand catalyzing the insertion of new complementary nucleotides to each template strand?
DNA polymerase III
In what direction does DNA polymerase III replicate DNA?
From 3' to 5'
When DNA polymerase III & I detect mismatched nucleotides what do they do?
They remove the incorrect nucleotide in the pr & replace it with the correct one
What occurs at the termination of DNA replication?
Replication forks meet
Terminator proteins block further replication
Intertwined DNA molecules separated by other enzymes
DNA polymerase reads the DNA template in a 3' to 5' direction in the (leading or lagging) strand of DNA?
Leading
DNA polymerase moves away fr the replication fork in a discontinuous process of starts and stops in the (leading or lagging) strand?
Lagging
The discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand results fr DNA polymerase moving away from the replication fork resulting in the formation of DNA fragments called what?
Okazaki fragments
Okazaki fragments are linked together by with the help of an enzyme called ___ ___.
DNA ligase
What are the major proteins of initiation?
Initiator proteins along w/enzymes
What enzyme adds new nucleotides & proofreads the new sequence?
DNA polymerase III & I
Where does the replication complex form on the bacterial chromosome?
At the OriC
Bacterial & archaeal DNA is organized within the ___.
Nucleoid
During transcription what happens?
Gene DNA serves as a template for new mRNA molecules
What are the 3 types of RNA?
mRNA - message
tRNA - aminoacid
rRNA - ribosomal
What 2 bases are different between DNA and RNA?
Thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA
a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis is called a what?
Codon
RNA polymerase does what?
Races along a strand of DNA transcribing it into a strand of RNA
Compare and contrast replication vs transcription.
Transcription creates a strand of RNA fr which a new strand of DNA can be copied where as in replication a new strand of DNA is created rather than a pattern for a strand
___ is the process of making the polypeptide at the ribosome.
Translation
___ are a result of heritable, permanent changes in the DNA.
Mutations
Each codon specifies what?
An individual amino acid
Transcription starts at a ___ found on the ___ ___.
Promotor
Template strand
What does RNA polymerase do in transcription?
Transcribes the template
Substitutes uracil for thymine where adenine appears in the DNA template strand
Segments of DNA that are removed by archaea and eukaryotes are called ___ while the remaining amino acid coding segments are called ___.
Introns
Exons
What does it mean that the Genetic code is degenerate?
Genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous.
There is more than one code for an AA however only one AA can be linked to each code
What type of mutation comes fr heritable changes to the base sequence in the DNA resulting fr natural phenomena.
Spontaneous mutations
Mutations generated by scientists that can be chemical or physical agents called mutagens are called what?
Induced mutations
What is an example of chem mutagen?
Nitrous acid
What is an example of a physical mutagen?
UV light
Describe a point mutation?
Change or substitution of different base pr
Deletion or addition of base pr
A mutation that has no effect on the organism is known as a ___ mutation.
Silent
A mutation that leads to the insertion of the wrong amino acid is known as a ___ mutation.
Missense
A mutation that generates a stop codon prematurely terminating the polypeptide is a ___ mutation.
Nonsense
Explain a mismatch repair.
As DNA polymerase adds bases & proofreads its work it also removes mismatched nucleotides
What are the 3 steps in an excision repair?
Nuclease cuts out damaged DNA
DNA polymerase replaces missing nucleotides w/correct ones
DNA liase seals new strand in with the rest
How can negative plating technique ID auxotrophs?
By detecting nutritional mutants that fail to grow when replica plated on minimal medium.
Comparing to plating on complete medium visually IDs auxotrophic mutants
___ ___ can be used to ID mutants having certain attributes such as what?
Positive Selection
Antibiotic resistance
A mutant having a nutritional requirement for growth is known as a(n) ___.
Auxotroph
A mutant that is the normal strain isolated fr nature is known as a(n) ___.
Prototroph
What is the name given to a testing method using an auxotrophic bacterial species to ID mutagens that may be carcinogens in humans?
Ames test
Protein synthesis involves what 2 processes?
Transcription and translation
What process is a DNA directed RNA synthesis?
A) Replication
B)Translation C) Transcription
C) Transcription
(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
What happens in transcription?
Genetic info in DNA is expressed as mRNA
What happens in translation?
RNA fr transcription is used to fit amino acids together in a precise sequence to form the protein
Which RNA carries the genetic info or blueprint to manufacture a polypeptide?
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA
mRNA
Which RNA along w/proteins serves a structural role as the framework of ribosomes where AAs are assembled into proteins?
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Which RNA functions as an anticodon; the one that binds to an mRNA codon?
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
Which process involves a chaperone molecule for folding?
Transcription
Translation
Replication
Translation
Chemicals produced by bacteria which kill other bacteria are called what?
Bacteriacins
The enzyme that seals DNA fragments together is called what?
DNA ligase
The method by which DNA is copied at cell division is known as what?
Insertion
What procedure can we use to screen chemicals for mutagenic properties?
Ames Test
Negative selection test
Positive selection test
Ames Test
A closed circular DNA, with few genes that are nonessential to to the cell is called what?
Plasmid
What type of mutation causes a frame shift?
Point
Missense
Nonsense
Point Mutation
Yields pyruvate for the Kreb's cycle
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Involves succinate, citrate & fumarate
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Requires cytochromes for electron transport
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Requires electrons eventually to be passed on the NADPH
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Requires energy fr light to take place
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Ends with acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Results in the formation of Glucose
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Uses chlorophyll as the pigment in cyanobacteria
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Photosnythesis
Requires photosystems
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Results in formation of water
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Begins when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Is essentially the opposite of aerobic respiration
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Begins with a glucose molecule
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Results in net gain of 2 ATP
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Involves oxygen
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Starts with oxidation of NADH
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Requires and investment of 2 ATP
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Results in high yield of ATP
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotes or inside cell membrane of prokaryotes
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Generates 3 carbon dioxide molecules per turn
A) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Kreb's cycle
D) Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Chemoautotroph uses . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Organic Compounds
Photoheterotrophs use . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Light energy
Chemoheterotrophs use . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Organic Compounds
Photoautotrophs use . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Light energy
Purple nonsulfur bacteria use . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Light energy
Cyanobacteria use . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds
Light energy
Fungus utilize . . .
A) Light energy
B) Chem reactions for energy
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Organic compounds