Motor Learning Test 2

sensory information that comes primarily from sources outside a person's body, primarily vision and smell

sensory information that comes primarily from sources in the muscles and joints from bodily movements

sensory information arising from within the body, such as hunger andthirst

sensory information coming from the motor system that signalscontractions and limb contractions; similar to proprioception.

proprioceptive sense organs located in the inner ear that provideinformation about posture, balance, and movements of the head

sensory receptors located in the muscles that provide the nervous system with information about changes in muscle length

proprioceptive sense organs located in the junction of muscles and tendons that signal information about force in the muscles

proprioceptive sense organs located in most skin areas that signal information about pressure, temperature, and touch

a field of study concerned with the interaction of human characteristics and the design of machines or instruments used by people

the error-detection mechanism contained in closed-loop control systems; compares feedback of the desired state to feedback of theactual state

one of the components of a closed-loop control system; determines the actions necessary to maintain the desired goal state

the component of a control system that carries out the desired action for example, the arm is usually the effector that carries outthe action of throwing a ball

information produced from the various sensors as a consequence of moving; sometimes called response-produced feedback

a type of control that involves the use of feedback and the activityof error detection and correction processes to maintain the desired state; used by people to control slow, deliberate movements

the capability of individuals to evaluate their own performance

information about the intended action or a copy of the expected feedback generated before the action begins

a tentative description (or an analogy) of a system that captures many of its known properties; models facilitate understanding of systems and promote practical applications

a type of information processing that is slow and sequential,attention demanding, and voluntary; more prevalent during the early stages of learning

a class of tasks in which a moving track must be followed, typically by movements of a manual control

stereotyped, involuntary, automatic, and usually rapid responses to stimuli

a method for recording the electrical activity in a muscle or group of muscles

the monosynaptic stretch reflex, with a latency of 30-50 ms

law describing the stable relationship that exists between the number of stimulus-response alternatives and choice reaction time;specifically, as the logarithm of the number of stimulus-response pairs increase, choice reaction time increases linearly

the polysynaptic, functional stretch reflex, with a latency of 50-80ms

a relatively complex, coordinated reaction to a particular stimulus, with a latency of 80-120 ms

the voluntary reaction time response with a latency of 120-180 ms

the interval of time that elapses from the beginning to the end of a movement

the visual system people use primarily to identify objects; it uses the center of the visual field, leads to conscious visual perception, and is degraded in dim lighting

the visual system that allows people to detect the orientation oftheir body in the environment; it is nonconscious, takes in all ofthe visual field, and is used for action and movement control

the movement (or continuous flow) of patterns of light rays from the environment over a person's retina, allowing the person to detect motion, position, and timing

sensory information provided by the visual system about proprioceptive aspects of a person's movements

an optical variable proportional to time until contact; defined as the size for the retinal image divided by the rate of change of the image

the tendency for visual information to dominate information from the other senses during the process of perception

the tendency for visual information to attract a person's attention more easily than other forms of information

a skill performed in an environment or in motion and that requires performers to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment

a skill performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows performers to plan their movements in advance

the components of a control system that can vary independently and that are controlled to produce effective action

a set of motor commands that is prestructured at the executive level and that defines the essential details of a skilled action

the memory system that holds information and life experiences;believed to be vast in capacity and unlimited in duration

the memory system that allows people to retrieve, rehearse, process,and transfer information from STSS; believed to be limited incapacity and brief in duration

the interval of time that elapses from the sudden presentation of astimulus to the beginning of a person's response

a surgical procedure in which an afferent pathway (one that carries sensory information toward CNS) is cut, preventing nerve impulses from the periphery from reaching the spinal cord

a centrally located control mechanism that produces mainly genetically defined, repetitive actions, such as locomotion or chewing

a special case of reflex activity involving different responses to the same tactile stimulus when it is presented in different phases of the movement

an explanation for how people control coordinated movements that emphasizes the interaction of dynamic properties of the neuromuscular system and physical properties of environmental information

an explanation for how people control coordinated movements that emphasizes the role of prestructured motor commands organized at the executive level

a deficiency of the simple motor-program notion, which presumes the need for a vast memory capacity to store separate programs for controlling the nearly infinite number of movements people are able to produce

a deficiency of the simple motor-program notion, which presumes the people are unable to produce novel (new) movements or unpracticed variations of learned movements because they have not developed specific motor programs for producing them

a motor program that defines a pattern of movement rather than a specific movement; this flexibility allows performers to adapt the generalized program to produce variations of the pattern that meets various environmental demands

the sequencing and timing (or rhythm) of a movement that define the underlying pattern

the easily changeable components of a movement, such as movement time or amplitude; that are modified as a result of changing parameters

the variable inputs to a generalized motor program, such as speed or amplitude of the movement, which result in different surface features