-
Actinomycetes are similar to:
bacteria and fungi
-
Actinomycetes are a small group (T/F)?
False, they are a large group
-
Characteristics of Actinomycetes are:
- Form branches or filaments called hyphae
- procaryotic wall
- susceptible to penicillin
- infections mimic fungal
-
Infections of Actinomycetes resemble that of what other microbe?
Fungus
-
Branches or filaments on Actinomycetes are called:
Hyphae
-
Penicillin is effective against Actinomycetes (T/F)?
True
-
Actinomycetes are sometimes also called:
thread bacteria
-
Actinomycetes give off what type of smell when composted?
Earthy
-
Actinomycetes primarily are designed to do what in nature?
Primary decomposition = Decompose woody stems, newspaper and bark
-
Actinomycetes are usually found where?
- in the soil
- especially high pH/alkaline and drier soils
-
the rate at which Actinomycetes are found in the soil is:
1/4 pound per Cu Ft.
-
Actinomycetes comprise what percent of teh soils bacterial composition?
5%
-
The most numerous of all actinomycetes is:
Streptomyces
-
Streptomyces is the primary source of what?
antibiotics used in topical antibiotic creams
-
Actinomycetes usually stain:
Gram +
-
Actinomycosis is caused by:
Actinomyces israelii (and others)
-
Actinomycosis israelii causes what disease?
Actinomyces
-
Actinomycosis is diagnosed by:
- examination of pus for white or yellow granules
- Gram stain
- Look for filimentous culture
- immunoflourescence
-
Actinomycosis types:
- Cervicofacial
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Genital
-
Actinomycosis Cervicofacial occurs in what areas:
lower jaw abscesses, sinus tracts that reach the skin
-
Actinomycosis Thoracic occurs where?
lung, extended cervicofacial
-
Actinomycosis Abdomindal occurs where?
intestines or abdominal wall
-
Actinomyces Gental usually occurs due to:
intrauterine devices
-
Actinomyces Genital causes what symptom?
inflammation
-
Which type of Actinomycosis of Anctinomyces israelii is most common?
Cervicofacial
-
Actinomyces treatment is:
- surgical removal of damaged tssue prior to anitbiotics (prerequisite)
- 3-4 weeks of Penicillin G
- 2nd line = trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (more rapid cure)
-
What is the second choice pharmaceutical treatment regimen for Actinomycosis?
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
-
Penicillin is the fastest route to curing Actinomycosis (T/F)?
False, the second line drugs trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are faster.
-
How many weeks should a patient be treated with Penicillin G for Actinomycosis?
3-4 weeks
-
Nocardiosis is caused by what Actinomyces species?
Norcardia asteroides (and others)
-
Nocardiosis is found in what type of patients?
- comprimised
- taking steroids
-
Symptoms of Nocardosis are:
- nodular abcess in skin or soft tissue
- sinus tracts extend to deep muscle and bone (called actinomycetoma)
-
Nocardosis infections are transferred via:
inhalation or introduction to traumatized tissue.
-
Actinomycetoma is a:
sinus tract that extends into deep muscle and bone
-
Diagnosis of Nocardosis is via:
- Microscopic appearance (granules/filaments)
- biochemical tests (casein hydrolysis+, urea hydrolysis + and tyrosine hydrolysis +)
-
Actinomycetes are gram positive and:
Acid fast
-
Acid fast stain will stain Actinomycete:
Purple or pink
-
The main factors for aquiring nocardosis are:
weakened immune system or chronic lung disease
-
People with what treatments or diseases are more suseptible to norcoidosis?
- Chronic steroid therapy
- Cancer
- Transplants
- HIV/AIDS
-
Nocardosis Treatment
- surgical debridement
- Treat with cotrimazole or sulfadiazine (may need treatment for several months)
-
What is an important factor in treating Actinomycete infections:
early diagnosis
-
System infections of actinomycetes are very treatable (T/F)
False, they are poorly treatable.
-
Actinomycetes can cause what dental issue?
Dental Plaques
-
Dental plaques are caused by which Actinomyces?
Actinomyces viscosus
-
Actinomyces viscosus attached where in teh body?
The dental enamel surface
-
ho does Actinomyces viscosus attach to enamel?
pili and extracellular polysaccharides
-
How does Actinomyces viscosus destroy teeth?
sugar consuption feeds the bacteria causing acid production.
-
What happens if plaque is not removed from enamel?
- inflammation of the gums
- gingivitis
- peridontitis
- destruction of bone
-
Visual signs of Actinomyces viscosus plaque damage:
- Pockets between teeth roots and gums
- Calculus on teeth
- Bleeding gums
- Bone resorption
-
The earliest took colonizers are:
Streptococcus mutans
-
Actinomyces adhere to the tooth usually after what other bacteria?
Streptococcus mutans
-
Legionella Species cause what disease?
Legionairre's Disease
-
Bartonell species cause what disease?
cat scratch disease
-
Eikenella corrodens causes what disease?
Human bite wound
-
Legionella is named due to what?
American Legion Convention in Philly (1976) had a huge outbreak
-
Legionella pneumonophila stains G+ or - ?
Gram Negative
-
Legionella pneumophila is what shape?
bacillus
-
Legionella pneumophila is classified metabolically as:
aerobic
-
Legionella pneumophila is found intracellularly or extracellularly?
Facultative intracellular
-
Legionella pneumophila produces what toxin?
cytotoxin
-
cytotoxin is produced by what bacteria?
Legionella pneumophila
-
Legionalla pneumophila is found where in nature?
water
-
Legionella pneumophila attached to what objects?
pipes, rubber and plastics
-
Are legionella pneumophila found in chlorinated water?
No, gobbled by amoeba
-
Can Legionella pneumophila be transferred human to human?
Not shown
-
Legionella is usually transferred to humans by:
aerosols
-
Predisposition to Legionaires disease is caused by:
- underlying illness
- old age
- smoking
-
What percent of those infected with Legionella pneumophila have predisposing factors?
70%
-
Diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila infection
- culture from sputum or lung on BYCE agar
- direct flourescent antibody tests
- indirect flourescent antibody tests
- radioimmunoassay of urine
-
BYCE agar is also known as:
buffered yeast charcoal extract
-
What type of media should the sputum of those suspect to have Legionaire's Disease be incubated on?
BYCE - buffered yeast charcoal extract
-
Bartonella includes how many species?
8
-
How many bartonella species cause disease in humans?
4
-
Bartonella stain Gram + or - ?
negative
-
Bartonella are what shape?
short bacilli
-
Bartonella metabolism is:
aerobic
-
Bartonella growth requirements are:
fastidious (need to be accurate)
-
Bartonella resovoirs are:
animals
-
Bartonella vectors are:
insects
-
Bartonella henselae causes what disease?
Cat scratch Disease
-
Cat Scratch disease is caused by what bacteria?
B. henselae
-
Cat scratch Disease is associated with:
scratches bites and cat fleas
-
Symptoms of Cat Scratch Disease are:
Chronic regional swelling of lymph nodes
-
Culture for Bartonella is the best way to diagnose (T/F)?
False, culture is often negative
-
The best way to diagnose Cat Scratch fever is:
View organisms on tissue sections
-
Treatment of Bartonell infections includes:
antibiotics: tetracycline, erythrimycinand rifampin
-
Eikenella infections are associated with:
human bite wounds and fist fights
-
Which bacterial infection is associated with human bite wounds and fist fights?
Eikenella
-
Eikenella infections may lead to:
sinusitis, brain abscesss, pneumonia and endocarditis
-
A slow growing fastidious organism that corrodes agar is likely:
Eikenella
-
Eikenella grows at what relative speed?
slow
-
Eikenella is naturally a pathogen (T/F)?
False it is an opportunist
-
Whatis a photochromogen?
ability to produce pigemnt in lighted conditions
-
Whatis the environmental form of chlamydia?
nChlamydophila psittaci - Group B
-
What causes relapsing fever?
Sequential Borrelia hermsii infections by mutagen strains
-
Whatis the BEST method to diagnose primary syphilis?
benzathine penicillin G = 2.4 millionunits IM in a single dose
-
Whatare axial fibrils?
motile filiments that insert at each end of a spirochete, overlap in the middle and twist around it.
-
Identify characteristics of the pathogenic actinomycetes.
- Gram positive
- Acid fast
- attack those iwt hweakend immune system or lung issues
- cause dental plaques
-
What are the major characteristics of Actinomyces israelii.
- creates white or yello granules in pus
- Gran positive
- filementous culture
- susceptable to penicillin
-
Identify the bacterium responsible for legionellosis and the environmental conditions where it exists.
Legionella pneumonophila, live in water pipes, plastic bags and rubber
-
Describe the pathology of legionellosis.
Intracellular
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