NASM CPT Chpt - 5

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• Saggittal Plane - An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Frontal Plane - An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Transverse Plane - An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Positioned near the middle of the body

Positioned towards the outside of the body

Positioned of the opposite side of the body

Positioned on the same side of the body

Positioned above a point of reference

Positioned below a point of reference

Positioned nearest the center of the body

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.

Positioned on the front of the body

Positioned on the back of the body

• 1. Flexion 
• 2. Extension
• 3. Hyperextension

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit of ROM

Forward and Back movements

• Motion: Flextion/Extentision
• Axis: Coronal

• Exercises include:
• 1) Biceps Curl
• 2) Triceps Pushdowns
• 3) Squat
• 4) Front Lunge
• 5) Calf Raise
• 6) Walking/Running
• 7) Vertical Jumping
• 8) Climbing stairs

Abduction and Adduction

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

A movement in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body

• NOT front to back movements
• Side to side movements

Axis: Anterior-posterior

• Exercises include: 
• 1) abduction/adduction --- Side lateral raise
• 2) Lateral Flexion --- Side lung
• 3) Eversion/inversion --- side shuffle

• Internal Rotation
• External Rotation
• Horizontal Abduction
• Horizontal Adduction

Rotation of a joint towards the middle of the body

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Movement of the arm of thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Movement of the arm of thigh in the transverse plane from an lateral position to a anterior position

• Rotational Movement
• Diagonal Movements

Axis: Longitudinal

• Exercises include:
• 1) Trunk rotation
• 2) Throwing
• 3) Golfing
• 4) Swinging a bat

Scapular Rotation: Abduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Scapular Protraction: Adduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Scapular Depression: Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula

Scapular Elevation: Upward (superior) motion of the scapula

• Isotonic: (contant muscle tension)
• -Eccentric
• -Concentric

Isometric: (constant muscle length)

Isokinetic: (constant velocity of motion)

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion.

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

• Moving in the same direction as force
• Decelerates or reduces force

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscles

• -Moving in opposite direction of the force
• -Accelerates of produces force

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

• No visible movement with or against resistance
• Dynamically stabilizes force

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

• The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force extended
• Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation of exercise physiology laboratories

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Muscle Groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Movement of the bones and joints around them

• Force that produces rotation
• Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or NM

HMS response to internal/external environment stimuli

How the CNS integrates internal/external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Utilization of motor control process through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in one's capacity to produced skilled movement.

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Groups of muscle that are recruited by the CNS to produce movement

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense the body position and limb movement

Ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory info and to select and execute the proper motor response

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Information provided form internal source (within the body)

Information provided form external source (outside of the body)