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Define the following and describe what is responsible for all of them:
hypokinesia, bradykinesia, akinesia
Too much suppression of the basal ganglia
- hypokinesia: decreased amount of movement
- bradykinesia: slowed movements
- akinesia: absence of movement
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Define the following and describe what is responsible for all of them:
dystonia, athetosis, chorea
- dystonia: distorted positions of body parts
- athetosis: twisting movements of body parts
- chorea: nearly continuous involuntary movements (think of the oscillating ankle)
too much facilitation of the basal ganglia
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Describe what the basal ganglia do and do not
- do:
- -modulate amount of movement
- dont:
- -play a role in stimulation-triggered movements
- -DIRECTLY specify the muscular forces needed for a movement
- -recieve precisely organized sensory info directly from receptors
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What is the role of the limbic system?
- motivation
- attention to relevant/interesting stimuli
- emotional significance of sensory stimuli
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List the 5 areas of limbic cortex and where they are on the brain
- Insula
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What are the functions of the limbic system?
- -olfaction
- -memory
- -emotions/drives
- -homeostasis
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What are some common behaviours associated with the limbic system?
- -anger, sadness, lust, etc
- -reward-related behaviours
- -blushing, sweating, etc
- -learning and memory
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What are the functions of the hippocampal formation?
- -learning and memory
- -declarative (factual) memory
- -learning of emotionally/motivationally relavent events
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Describe the afferents and efferents of the amygdala (don't need to differentiate)
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What are the functions of the amygdala
- • Emotional/motivational significance (event, object)
- • Drive-related behaviours (defense, feeding)
- • Subjective feelings accompanying such behaviours
- • Appropriate behavioural response to an experience
- • Recognizing emotions in facial expression
- • Fear
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What is Horner's syndrome?
The group of symptoms (ptosis, miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (no sweating)) that result from damage to the symp. pathways that control the eye and face.
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Describe the sensory descriminative aspects of pain
- -carried out in the parietal MMA, info sent from VP nucleus
- -location of noxious stimuli
- -intensity of noxious stimuli
- -a-delta more important?
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Describe the motivational-affective aspect of pain
- -in prefrontal MMA or limbic system? From medial nucleus of thalamus
- -cognitive evaluation of intensity of noxious stimuli
- -affective component of pain perception
- -autonomic neuro-endocrine responses
- -C fibre mroe important?
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List the brainstem areas modulating pain
- -periaquaductal grey
- -raphe nuclei
- -locus ceruleus
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What is the difference between paresthesia, dyesthesia, and allodynia
paresthesia: includes ALL abnormal skin sensations (e.g. tingling and burning)
dyesthesia: all UNPLEASANT abnormal skin sensations
allodynia: when pain is perceived for normally innocuous stimuli (e.g. light touch).
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Label the prefrontal cortex, unimodal somatosensory association cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex
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What is disinhibition?
a shift in the balance between inhibition and excitation, which the balance being tipped in the favor of excitation. Causes more pain.
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List the 5 cortical areas that respond to acute pain
- -prefrontal cortex
- -primary somatosensory cortex
- -secondary somatosensory cortex
- -insular cortex
- -anterior cingulate cortex
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What is long-term potentiation
ENHANCED neurotransmission lasting minutes to hours leading to a long lasting FACILITATION in the activation of postsynaptic neurons
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what is descending facilitation (re. nociception)
facilitation of nociceptive processing by supraspinal control centres. Results in the perception of increased pain intensity
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