Muscle Test

Four basic tissues of the body

Name the 3 types of Muscles

__________ gives the orders, and the ___________ carries them out

refers to muscle generally

specifically refers to muscle cells

Study of muscles

Inflammation of muscle tissue

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell at the cellular level

The cell shrinks

Increase in size due to an increase in the size of the cell.

Increase due to an increase in the number of cells

Cells change shape

Type of muscle that usually comes to mind when we hear the word muscle

Skeletal muscle is often referred to as

Well-defined organs composed of groups of skeletal muscle cells surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue

Most muscles attach to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands called

Broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue attach muscles to bones or to other muscles

The prominent aponeurosis that runs lengthwise  between the muscles on the animal’s ventral midline. It connects muscle to muscle

Muscle‘s attachment sites that is generally more stable than the other is called the _____ of the muscle.

The muscles attachment site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts is called the ________ of the muscle and is more distal on the appendage.

Used to describe a muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desire movement.
Example:

a muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover.
Example

Muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action.
Example:

Muscle that stabilizes joints to allow other movements to take place.
Example

6 Muscle Naming

Action

Shape:

Location:
Example:

Direction of fibers

Number of heads or divisions:
Example:

Attachment sites 
Example

Occur in the superficial fascia between the skin and the deep fascia covering the skeletal muscles. These muscles attach to the skin and are responsible for movement of the skin.
These muscles are thin and just serve to _____________

Function of the abdominal muscles is to:

Arrangement of Abdominal Muscles form the outside in:

Fibers run in a caudo-ventral oblique direction

Fibers run in a cranio-ventral oblique direction

Form the floor of the muscular abdominal wall. It consist of two strap-like muscles on either side of the linea alba that run from the ribs and sternum back to the brim of the pubis.

Deepest of the abdominal muscles as its fibers run directly downward in a ventral direction to insert on the linea alba

The 8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
are:

Latissimus dorsi Muscle – a broad triangular muscle
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

4 Pectoral Muscles – involved that extend from the sternum to the humerus and act as adductors of the front leg, helping to keep the legs under the animals.

Pectoral Muscle 
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

2 heads of Deltoids

Brachiocephalicus – this muscle has two heads:
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

Omotransversarius 
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

Which extrinsic thoracic muscle is not present in the horse

Trapezius – a very thin triangular muscle
Heads:
Origin: 
Insertion:
Action

Rhomboideus – holds the dorsal border of the scapula close to the body. This muscle has three heads with a common insertion.
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

Serratus ventralis – this muscle acts like a sling to support the body between the forelegs. This muscle has two heads.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

The most powerful of the chewing muscles in the cheek area?

Two of the main muscles that extend the head and neck are the

Muscle that extends the head and neck and also pulls the front leg forward is the

The sternocephalic muscle is a smaller, straplike muscle that extends from the sternum to the base of the skull and acts to

Masseter muscle – This muscle makes up the cheek region of the cat and consists of three layers whose layers run in three different directions.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Temporalis muscle - This muscle is the largest muscle on the head and is found on the lateral and dorsal aspects of the skull.
Origin: 
Insertion:
Action:

Sternocephalicus - this muscle has two heads & the major importance of this muscle is that it forms along with the brachiocephalicus and borders the jugular groove.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Platysma – the major cutaneous muscle of the neck and head.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Contracting of the platysma at the point of euthanasia is called

What muscle is important for the horse to be able to quiver to get fly’s off neck.

Deltoids – 
2 Heads: 
Origin: 
Insertion:
Action:

Infraspinous muscle 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Supraspinatus muscle – A large part of this muscle is covered by the trapezius and the omotransversarius.
Origin:
Insertion: 
Action:

Subscapularis muscle – 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Teres major muscle – lies caudal to the Subscapularis muscle, and its tendon of insertion joins that of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Biceps Brachii muscle – this muscle is located on the craniomedial aspect of the humerus. It has only one head in animals.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Brachialis muscle – is located on the lateral side of the humerus. It twists laterally and cranially toward its insertion site.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Triceps Brachii muscle – this mass is on the caudal aspect of the humerus. It is made up of three heads (long, medial, and lateral) 
Origin: 
Insertion:
Action:

Muscles distal to the elbow joint are an important collection of carpal and digital _____ and ___________ that play important roles in locomotion.

The two primary antagonistic and most common antagonist are a set of muscles in the pelvic limb is the

The large gluteal muscles (gluteus medius and gluteus maximus) and the hamstring muscle group are ________ muscles of the hip joint.

The largest peripheral nerve in the body serves the entire back leg

Hamstring Muscles – name the three muscles located on the back of the thigh region:
Note: these extend the hip joint and are also the main __________ of the stifle joint.

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle name the four muscles. This Group of muscles are located on the front of the hind legs.

Tensor Fasciae Latae – this is a triangular muscle that aponeurosis into a long – thin but wide tendon (the fasciae latae) 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Commonly used by surgeons to make cuts and strips to replace the anterior cruciate ligaments during repair.

Superficial Gluteal muscle – this small triangular muscle lies over the middle gluteal muscle.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Middle Gluteal muscle – a large egg-shaped muscle lies cranial to the superficial and caudal to the tensor fascia latae.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Deep Gluteal muscle – the fan-shaped muscle is totally covered by the middle gluteal.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Biceps Femoris muscle – the longest and widest muscle of the thigh and covers its entire caudolateral aspect. 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Semitendinosus muscle – lies medial to the Biceps femoris and lateral to the Semimembranosus.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Semimembranosus muscle – 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Sartorius muscle – 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Gracilis muscle – this wide flat muscle covers the caudo-medial surface of the medial thigh.
Origin:
Insertion: 
Action:

Pectineus muscle – a very small spindle-shaped muscle located on the medial aspect. 
Origin:
Insertion: 
Action:

This muscle can be severed to relieve pain in dogs with chronic hip dysplasia. When this no longer relieved the pain, femoral head resection was performed.

Adductor muscle – a large pyramid-shaped muscle consists of two muscles.
2 heads: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Quadriceps Femoris Muscles – this group consist of 4 muscles with a common tendon.
4 heads:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Cranial Tibial muscle – is the most cranial muscle of this group.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Long Digital Extensor muscle – this is lateral to the cranial tibial muscle and is partly covered by it.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Peroneus Longus muscle – this muscle lies caudal and lateral to the long digital extensor.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Gastrocnemius muscle – this is the most superficial muscle of the caudal leg muscles and consists of two heads, each of which has a sesamoid bone embedded near its origin.
Origin: 
Insertion:
Action:

Deep Digital Flexor muscle – this muscle consists of a lateral head and a much smaller medial head.
Origin:
Insertion: 
Action:

Popliteus muscle – this muscle is covered by the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor.
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:

Common Calcanean Tendon or the Achilles tendon, is a heavy band of connective tissue that inserts on the tuber calcanei. Five muscles that make up this tendon are:

The main inspiratory muscles are:

A thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The convex surface of its dome shape protrudes into the thoracic cavity. When it contracts, it flattens out somewhat. This pushes the abdominal organs caudally

The fibers are directed in an oblique direction so that they contract, they rotate the ribs upward and forward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and causes air to be drawn into the lungs.

Two sets of expiratory muscles that aid the process are

Fibers of these muscles run at right angles to those of the external intercostal muscles. When these contract, they rotate the ribs backward, which decreases the size of the thorax and pushes air out of the lungs

Four heads simply contract reducing the space of the peritoneal cavity

What is the sequence of muscle contraction

A system common to skeletal muscles only allow for the transport of impulses and nutrients from outside the muscle down to the protein filaments. ___________ extend from the sarcolemma down to the protein filaments

The myofibrils that make up the muscle fiber (cell) are composed of thousands of tiny, contractile protein filaments known as

The area from one Z Line to the next Z Line is called a ________ and is the basic contraction unit of skeletal muscle

When all the sarcomeres of each myofibril is stimulated to contract, they will contract to

Atrophy of the supraspinous and infraspinous muscles due to trauma to the suprascapular nerve. Common injury due to cowboy spurs

The sites where the ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers are called

When an animal is starving and no longer has carbohydrates to break down polysaccharides, disaccharides monosaccharides etc. it goes to fat. Causes the body to breakdown fat and
muscle to glucose 6 phosphate for energy. This is referred to as __________. When you breakdown muscle and fat down, the by product is called ________.

Nerves that stimulate the spinal muscles and use acetylcholine are

Within the end of the nerve fiber in a neuromuscular junction are tiny sacs called _________ that contain the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When a nerve impulse comes down the fiber, it causes the release of acetylcholine, which diffuses across the synaptic space and binds (attaches) to receptors on the _________. This ultimately starts the process that leads to the contraction of the muscle fiber.

Term to describe one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Each individual skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue layer composed of fine, reticular fibers called the

Groups of skeletal muscle fibers, called

fascicles, are bound together by a tougher connective tissue layer, called the _______, which is composed of reticular fibers and thick collagen fibers.

Groups of muscle fascicles are surrounded by ___________, a fibrous connective tissue layer composed largely of tough collagen fibers

The impulse travels along the sarcolemma and through the T tubules to the interior of the cell. When the impulse reaches the _______, it causes the release of stored calcium ions into the ________. As the Ca++ diffuses into the myofibrils, it turns on the contraction process, which is powered by high-energy molecules of __________.

ATP when it is released becomes _____ and must pick up a phosphate. ADP in the presence of ______ and with ________ will convert ADP to ATP. Glucose and oxygen are necessary for the production of __________.

A catalyst which assists in the reconstitution of ATP

The presence of ATP is required for

When the fiber is stimulated to contract, small levers on the myosin filaments, called _____________,  ratchet back and forth and pull the actin filaments on both sides toward the center of the myosin filaments

An individual muscle fiber either contracts completely when it receives a nerve impulse or it does not contract at all. This is known as the ___________. The number of muscle fibers stimulated to contract is controlled by the _________.

A single muscle fiber contraction is called a 

A single muscle fiber contraction/a twitch contraction can be divided into three phases:

Muscle shortening can occur in the absence of action potentials is referred to as

Contracture that occurs after death is referred to as

Contraction strength varies and is achieved by

The summation of one motor unit causes a weak contraction, whereas the stimulation of a large number of motor units develops a strong contraction. This is known as motor unit summation. All gradations of contraction strength are possible, depending on the number of motor units stimulated

Increasing the strength of contraction by this summation occurs when the frequency of contraction is increased. When a muscle is stimulated to contract before the muscle has relaxed, the strength of the subsequent contraction is increased

When the frequency is sufficient such that the individual muscle twitches become fused into a single prolonged contraction, the strength is at a maximum; this condition is known as

Tetanus is a _____ disease caused by a potent neurotoxin known as ______ elaborated by the organism ________. The neurotoxin reaches the CNS and prevents release of an inhibitory transmitter (glycine). The resulting sensitivity to excitatory impulses, unchecked by inhibitory impulses, produces generalized muscular spasms (tetany).

Soliped that is most susceptible to Clostridium?
Animal least susceptible is the

Muscle seems to “warm up” to a maximum contraction state. This can be shown by applying stimuli of equal intensity a few seconds apart to muscle. Each successive muscle twitch has slightly more strength that the previous one, until optimal contraction strength is reached. Successive stimulations are believed to provide for an increasing concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm during the beginning contractions of rested muscles 

The immediate energy source that powers the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments is the compound ATP, which is produced by the many ___________in muscle fibers

Glucose is stored in the Muscle fibers in the form of glycogen, and oxygen is stored attached to large protein molecules called 

Glucose is stored as 

Oxygen attaches to large protein molecules called

As long as the oxygen supply is adequate to keep up with the energy needs of the muscle
fiber

During periods of strenuous activity, the need for oxygen exceeds the available supply and muscle fibers must shift to what is called _______ to produce energy required for continued activities. It should be mentioned that this type of metabolism is not as efficient as aerobic metabolism and results in ___________ as a byproduct of incomplete glucose breakdown.

A considerable amount of the energy produced in muscles is lost in the form of

If heat production exceeds body needs, the excess must be eliminated by mechanisms such as

Under cold conditions, the body may need to increase the production of heat to avoid hypothermia. It often does this by producing the small, spasmodic muscle contractions we know as

Cardiac Muscle - Also known as 

cardiac muscle cells form elaborate networks around the

The firm end-to-end attachments sites between cardiac muscle cells are called

2 unique and important things about cardiac muscle:

The impulse that starts each heart beat begins
in the ________ (Common name heart’s ________), located in the ___________.

The sympathetic fibers stimulate the heart to

The parasympathetics fibers

Smooth Muscle - also called 

smooth muscle is found in two main forms: 

Because their contractile units are not organized into regular, parallel sarcomeres, individual smooth muscle cells can shorten to 

Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of many soft, internal organs, which are also known by the general name _______. Its cells are linked to form large sheets in the walls of organs such as the 

Sympathetic stimulation _______ visceral smooth muscle activity, and parasympathetic stimulation ______ it

Small and delicate, this muscle is made up of individual smooth muscle cells or small
groups of cells. They require impulses from _______ nerves to contract

Pupil is contacted

Pupil is dilatated

A

B

C

D

E & G

F

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

Name 2 heads of the sternocephalicus muscle

What 2 muscles form along the jugular groove?

When you give an injection it is between what two muscles

What muscle is located over the radius and is used to extend the carpus?

When does the cardiac muscle start contracting?

What is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Origin: Occipital and temporal bone
Insertion: Ventral mandible
Action: Opens the mouth

Origin: Medial surface of mandible
Insertion: Ventral median raphe between bones of mandible
Action: Raises the floor of the mouth.