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1800s: Europe= __. There were new industries, new sources of energy, and new goods __ with scientific and technological achievements and belief that human condition would improve. A __ emerged, which meant __
- material prosperity
- Second Industrial Revolution
- mass society
- improvements for the lower classes, who benefited from the extension of voting rights, a better standard of living, and education.
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It also brought __. New work patterns created the “__” and __ enabled ordinary workers to make excursions to amusement parks. __ also resulted in new roles for government of Europe’s nation-states. 19th: communities of people bound together by common language, traditions, etc.
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mass leisure
- weekend
- mass transportation
- Mass society
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Mid-19th: “__” with promotion of economic growth and __, __, and __. The growth of the middle class led to the triumph of liberal practices: _(3)__, as well as the growth of __ as the __ was extended to all adult males.
- state
- mass education
- national armies by conscription
- public health and housing
- constitutional governments, parliaments, and principles of equality
- political democracy
- right to vote
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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity: there was stunning material growth produced by the second industrial revolution. The first: __/ Second: __
- textiles, railroads, iron, coal
- steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum
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New Products: Changes
Steel
- i. Steel replaced iron
- 1. New methods of rolling and shaping steep made it useful in construction of lighter, smaller and faster machines and engines, railways, ships, etc.
- a. 1860: Britain, France, Germany and Belgium= 125k tons of steelà 1913: 32 million
- i. First Britain was leader, then Germany was producing twice as much as Britain, but US surpassed both
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New Products: Changes
Chemicals
- 1. Change in method of making sodaà France and Germany leaders in producing the alkalines used in textiles soap, etc.
- 2. German labs developed more organic chemical compounds than Britain= 1900: 90% of market for dyes and development of photographic plates and film
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New Products: Changes
Electricity
- i. Electricity: new form of energy that could be converted
- 1. 1870s: first generators of electrical current
- 2. 1881: Britain had first public power station
- 3. 1910: hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired steam-generating plants enabled entire districts to be tied in to a single power distribution system that provided common power source
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New Products: Changes
New inventions
- a. Light bulb by Edison and Briton Joseph Swan
- b. Communications: telephone by Bell and radio waves sent by Guglielmo Marchoni
- c. First electric railway installed in Berlin in 1879à streetcars and subways replacing horse-drawn buses
- d. Conveyor belts, cranes, machines in factories
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New Products: Changes
Electricity enabled
1. Electricity enabled cities that lagged behind in First IR to jump on board
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New Products: Changes
International combustion engine
- 1. First was fired by gas and air in 1878, but unsuitable for widespread use as a source of power in transportation until liquid fuels like petroleum and its distilled derivatives were produced
- 2. An oil-fired engine made in 1897, and by 1902, the Hamburg-Amerika Line used oil on new ocean liners
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New Products: Changes
International combustion engine in the end of the century
- 1. End of century: naval fleets using oil burners
- 2. This engine gave rise to automobile and airplane
- a. Light engine made by Gottlieb Daimler in 1886= key to development of automobile
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New Products: Changes
1900
- i. 1900: world production= 9000 cars
- ii. 1906: Americans overtook French lead
- 1. Henry Ford revolutionized car industry with Model T
- a. 1916: Ford’s factories were producing 735k cars a year
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New Products: Changes
Air transportation
- a. Air transportation : Zepelin airship
- b. Kitty Hawk, Wilbur and Orvil Wright made first flight in fixed wing plane powered by gas engine (1903)
- i. First passenger air service: 1919
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