-
setting the stage:hitler's lightning war
- - during 1930s, Hitler played on the hopes and fears of western democracies.
- -After conquer Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, he turned to Poland.
- -After ww1, allies cut out the polish corridor from Germany territory>give Poland access to the sea.
- -1939 demand return of polish corridor to germany.
-
Germany sparks a new war in Europe
- -stalin/hitler sign 10 year non-agression pact.
- -excluded from the munich conference, stalin unwilling to join west.
- -hitler promised territory
- -secret part of pact- germany/ussr divide poland
- -also agreed ussr could take finland& baltic states> lithuania,latvia,estonia
-
germany's lightning attack
- -after sign pact, hitler move to conquer poland
- -sept 1,1939 attack>merciless bombing>poland's capital>warsaw
- -france/GB declare war Sept 3
- -poland fall before countries can take action
- -after victory- annexed west 1/2 of poland>large ger. pop.
-
blitzkrieg
- -ger. invasion of poland>first to test strategy
- -"lightning war"
- -involve fast moving airplane/tanks, follow by massive infantry forces to take enemy by surprise and quickly overwhelm them.
- - it worked (poland)
-
the soviets make their move
- -sept 17, stalin sent troops to east 1/2 poland
- -tried to annex countries north poland>lithuania,latvia,estonia fall/ finland>resist
- -nov., stalin sent 1 mil. soviet troops to finland>expect quick victory
- -finns outnumbered/gunned> winter> soliders on skis.
- - soviets suffered losses, but won by number of forces>march 1940, stalin force finns to accept surrender terms
-
The Phony War
- -after declare war on ger, french/brit. mobilize troops-station:maginot line
- -maginot line-system of fortifications along france's border with ger.
- -wait for ger to attack-never did
- -bored- stared back at one another- get.-siegfried line
- - ger called it sitzkrieg "sitting war"newspaper "phony war"
- -apr91940 hit. invade denmark (4hr)/norway(2m)
- -begin build bases along nor/den coast to attack brit.
-
The fall of france
- -may 1940 hit. sweep through netherlands /belgium/luxemburg-strat. to get france
- -allies attent on those count., hit send large troops throu ardennes
- -ardennes- forested area in n.france/luxem/ bel
- -move throu forest- "squeeze between"
- maginot line
- -move across france-reach n.e. coast -10days
-
Rescue at Dunkirk
- -after reach french coast, ger troops- north to join rest of troops in bel.
- -end may 1940- trap allies around n.france city lille
- -allie retreat to dunkirk-freanch port near bel. border
- -gb.send 850 ships across eng channel to dunkirk
- -sail back and forth-carry 338,000 to safety
-
France falls
- -resist in france crumbles
- -june 14 ger take paris
- -french leaders surrender june 22,1940
- -ger take control n.france
- -left south to puppet gov.-marshal phillipe petain-french hero from ww1
- -headquarters of gov.-city of vichy
- -charles de gaulle- set gov-in-exile in london
- - commit to reconquer france
- - organized free frech military forces that battle nazi til france liberated in 1944
-
The battle of Britian
- -Winsto churchill- new P.M.
- -hit. try take over brit.>plan:knock out Royal air force(raf), then land 250,000+on eng shores
- -sum.1940 luftwaffe>ger. air force bomb brit
- -!st bomb airfield/craft fact. then cities to break morale
- -Turn tide in RAF favor: radar-tell speed,#,direction of planes; enigma-code making machine-smuggled into brit
- -allow decode ger.msg
- -Raf could launch attacks
- -avoid RAf attack, Ger day raid to night bombing 0ct 1940
- -sirens-cit.flock to subways,airraid shelters
- -contin to may 10 1941
- -hit call off-focus on medit./e.europe
- -battle of brit. taught that hit can be blocked
-
The meditterean and eastern front/ axis forces attackN.africa
- - turn attent. to medit. and balkans and then to the SOveit union
- -1st objective in medit.>n.Africa because of mussolini
- -alliance with ger. but italy neutral. knew had to fight when ger take france
- -muss. declare war france and brit>move to france
- -while battle of brit.,order army to attack brit-controlled egypt
- -egypt suez canal key to oil
- -within week italy push 60m into egypt, push brit back, then both sides waited
-
britian stikes back
- -dec.- strike back
- -feb 1941 brit swept cross 500m take 130,000 italians prisoner
- -hit. step in to help-sent ger tank force,afrika korps under Erwin rommel
- -late march- rommel attack
- -brit retreat east to tobruk,libya
- -after fighting for tobruk- brit drive back rommel
- -mid jan1942 rommel retreat to where started
- -rommel regroup and seize tobruk-earn "desert fox"
-
The war in the balkans
- -other ger generals active in balkans
- -hitler plan to attack ally ussr sum 1940
- -balkans>key to plan-want to build bases to attack s.u, makes sure brit no interfere
- -to prepare,hit spread influence to balkans
- -1941 persuade bulgaria/ romania/ hungary to join axis powers
- -yugoslavia and greece reject-pro-brit.
- -apr. invade both count.yugo(11d)greece(17d)
-
Hitler invades the soviet union
- -with balkans controlled, hit could move to operation Barbarossa-plan to invade s.u.
- -june 22,1941 begin invadsion
- -s.u. not prepared
- -ger. push 500m into s.u.
- -s.u. retreat and burn/destory everything in enemy;s path-scorched earth strat.
- -sept 8 ger out leningrad under seige
- -city cut off from rest
- -hit starve city
- -bomb destroy food warehouses
- -near 1 mil die wint 1941-42 yet city no fall
- -impatient- look to moscow-heart of s.u.
- -dec nazi advance city outskirts
- -soviet gen. georgi zhukov counterattack
- -temp fall, ger in summer uniform retreat
- -hit order no retreat
- -dug into 125 miles west
- -advance worthless cost 500,000 ger lives
-
The united states aid its allies
- - most am want u.s not involve
- -1935-37 congress-series of neutrality acts
- -laws- made illegal to sell arms/lend money to nations at war
- -roosevelt knew if allies fall u.s must join
- -sep 1939 request congress to buy am arms, allies pay and caryy goods to ship
- -lend-lease act march1941- pres can lend arms/supplies to count. vital to us
- -hitler order sink cargo ships met
- -roosevelt/churchill met-alantic charter-joint declaration
- -upheld free trade among nations and right of ppl to choose own gov.
- -serve as peace plan for end of ww2
- -sept 4 - ger u boat fire us destroyer in atlantic
- -roosevelt order naval commanders to shoot ger u boats on sight-u.s in undeclared naval war with hit.
-
Setting the stage:japs pacific campaign
- -jap invasion start 1931
- -took over manchuria
- -6 year later swept to heartland of china. chinese resist-war drag on
- -strain jap economy
- -to increase resource - look toward euro colonies of s.e. asia
-
Surprise attack on Pearl harbor
- -oct 1940 am crack jap secret code used for msg
- -aware of plans of jap
- -if jap conquer euro colonies, amcontrolled guam and phili in trouble>am send aid to china resist
- -jao overrun french indochina>am cut off oil shipments july 1941
- -jap still contain conquest
- - hope to catch euro powers by surprise
- -plan attacks on brit/dutch colonies/am outposts at same time
- -admiral isoroku yamamoto>naval strategist call for attack on u.s fleet in hawaii
-
day of infamy
- -dec 7 1941
- - us knew there would be attack but not when or where
- -2hr sunk/damage 19 ships,include8 battle
- -2,300 am kill
- -roosevelt request declaration of war against jap
- -congress accept
- -same time jap attack, brit colony hk and am controlled guam/wake island bombed
- -jap also land invasion force on thailand
-
japanese victories
- -guam/wake island fall quickly
- -jan 1942 march to manila
- -am/fil take defensive on batann penin
- -fil. gov move to corregidor
- -3 m fighting jap take bataan apr. corregidor fall next m
- -seize hk
- - invade malaya/thailand
- -feb 1942- seize singapore-strat location on malay penin.
- -conquer dutch east indies (sumatra,java,borneo,celebes) resource rich
- -take burma
- -plan to take india
- -before conquests, jap try to win support of asain with anticolonist ideas of "East asia for asiatics"
- -after conquer, made it clear they were the conquerers
-
bataan death march
- -jap consider dishonorable to surrender
- -forced march of +50 miles up the pen in- jap subjected to cruelties
- -70.000 prisoners started 54,000 survive
-
The allies strike back
- -jap seem unbeatable
- -am,aust anxious to stike back
- -am want revenge for PH
- -apr1942
- 16 b-25 bombers under james h. Doolittle bomb tokyo/others
- -did little damage but prove jap vulnerable to attack
-
The allies turn the tide
- -doolittles raid raise am morale/shook confidence of jap
- -jap worry that controlling vast emp spread resources thin
- -may 1942 am fleet with aust supp. intercept jap force headed for port moresby,new guinea
- -city house allied air base
- -control of base put jap in stiking distance
-
Battle of coral sea
- --new naval warfare
- -ships dont fire shots
- -airplanes from carriers attacked ships
- -allies suffer more loss in ships/lives than jap
- -Victory for allies
- -stopped jap advance
-
The battle of midway
- -midway island-1500m from hawaii-key location of am airfield
- -allied code breakers>chester nimitz, commander in chief of us pacific fleet knew map force heading to midway
- -hoped attack on midway bring out whole us pacific fleet from PH to defend the island
- -june 4, allow jap to begin assault on island
- -when jap planes got in air, am planes swoop in to attack the jap fleet
- -sucess
- -destroy 332 jap planes, all 4 carriers,1 support ship
- -yamamoto withdraw
- -june 7,1942 battle over
-
An allied offensive
- -high morale,allies take offensive
- -war in pacific involve vast distance
- -douglas macarthur, commander of allied land forces develop plant o solve prob.
- -believe getting each island is costly and long
- -wanted to island hop past jap stronghold
- -after could seize islands that are not well defended but closer to jap
- -1St target
- - learn jap build base on island of guadalcanal>soloman islands
- - allies stike fast before base complete
- -aug71942- us marines land on island and neighbor island tulagi
- -little trouble seizing gaud. airfield
- -battle for control>savage struggle
- -6m later battle end
- -lose +24,000 of 36,000 jap abandon island
- -called in "island of death"
-
Setting the stage: the holocaust
- -nazis proposed a new racial order
- -german ppl(aryans) were the master race
- -aryan actually is into-euro ppl who migrate into indian subcontinent
- -claim non aryan ppl inferior particularly jews
- -holocaust-systematic mass slaughter of jews and other groups inferior to the nazis
-
Kristallnacht "night of broken glass"
- -nov 1938 17yo herschel grynszpan-jew from ger visit uncle in paris
- -recive postcard saying after living in ger for 27 years his father is deported to poland
- -nov 7, avenge father>shot get diplomat
- -nazi leaders heard>launch attack on jew
- -nov 9 storm troopers destroy jew homes,buss,synagogues
- -murder close to 100 jews
- -nov 9 known as kristallnacht
- -mark major step in nazi policy of jew persecution
-
a flood of refuges
- -some jews realize that violence against them would increase>fled to other count. 1939
- -hit conquer territory in which most jews lived
- -at first, hit favor emigration, it solved his problem of jews
- -getting other count to admit jews became issue
- -after admit tons of jews, countries close doors- us,brit, france
-
isolating the jews
- -put another plan into effect cause emigration no work
- -ordered all jews in all countries under his control to move to designated cities
- -herded jews into ghettos,segregated jew areas
- -sealed off ghettos with barb wire/stone walls
- -hope jews would die inside
- -jews held on
- -in warsaw,poland jews created resist org. withing ghettos
- -struggle to keep tradit.
- -theatures produced plays and concerts
- -teachers taught lessons in secret schools
- -scholars kept record so one day ppl find truth
-
The "final Solution"
- -hit grew impatient waiting for jews to die
- -decide take more direct action
- -plan> final solution<program of genocide-systematic killing of an entire ppl
- -to protect national purity-eliminate other races
- -groups viewed as inferior-"subhumans"
- -gypsies,homos,poles,russians,insane,disabled, incurably ill
-
-
The killings begin
- -swept across e.euro and russ,killing began
- -ss moved from town to town to kill jews
- -round up ppl to isolated aread
- -shot prisoners in pits
- -not reached by ss round up/taken to concentration camps-ger./poland
- -hope horrible conditions speeden jew death
- -work 7 days as slaves
- -severly beat or killed
- -meals-bread- potato peelings
-
The Final stage
- -"final solution"1942
- - nazi built extermination camps with gas chambers
- -auschwitz- largest camp
- -doctors seperate weak from strong
- - weak died first-women,children, elderly
- -told to undress and led to chamber with fake showerhead
- -cynaide gas/carbon monoxide
- -killed in minutes
- -later install crematoriums
-
The survivors
- -6 mil jews died
- -fewer than 4 mil survive
- -some escape with help of nonjew ppl
- -hid in homes or help escape to neutral countries
-
Setting the stage:The allied victory
- -dec221941 after PH,churchil and roosevelt met>white house-develop a joint war policy
- -stalin ask them to relieve ger pressure on east
- -want them to open 2nd front in west
- -would split get power
- -churchill agreed
- -The allies weaken ger on 2 fronts
-
The tide turns on two fronts
- -churchill want brit/us to attack n.Africa and s.euro first
- -strat. anger stalin>he wanted to open 2nd front in france
- -s.u. had to hold out against ger alone
- -brit/u.s send supplies
- -late 1942- allies turn tide in medit. and e.front
-
The north african campaign
- -with tobruk's fall london rommel sent general bernard montgomery "monty" to his troops to control brit forces in N.africa
- -by time he arrive, ger advance into egyptian village,el alamein
- -monty decide to do huge frontal attack
- -battle of alamein begin oct 23
- -nov 4 rommel lose
- -retreat to west
- -allies launch operation torch
- -nov 8 allied force land in morocco/algeria let by dwight eisenhower
- -monty/eisenhowers armies crush rommels afrika korps may 1943
-
The battle for stalingrad
- -ger advance stalled in leningrad and moscow 1941
- - winter make worse
- -summer 1942 hit sent 6th army-general friedrich peulus to seize oil fields in causcasus mt.s
- -army also to get stalingrad-indust center-volga riv.
- -battle of stalingrad-aug 23 1942
- -luftwaffe-bombing raids
- -stalin tell commanders to defend city to death
- -nov 1942- 90% city ruined
- -winter set in
- --nov 19, s.u launch counter
- - closing in stalingrad, they trapped the get inside and cut off supplies
- -paulus beg hit retreat but refuse
- -feb 2,1943 ger troops surrender
- -ger on defensive
-
the invasion of italy
- -as battle of stalingrad rage,stalin urge brit/am to invade france
- -roosevelt/churchill invade italy 1st
- -july 10,1943 land in sicily and seize it
- -toppled mussolini from power
- -july 25 king victor emmanuel3 had him muss arrested
- -sept 3 italy surrender
- -ger retreat north, allies enter rome
- -fight in italy until ger fell
- -apr 23,1945 italian resist fighters ambush ger trucks near milan, find muss disguised as ger solider- shot and hung him
-
The allied home fronts
- -allied forces fought- home fronts support
- -war-torn count.>s.u./brit> cit endure hardships
- -am made crucial contribution to allied war front
- -produce weapons and equipment
-
mobilizing for war
- -to defeat axis powers-means prepare for total war
- -factories convert peacetime to wartime production
- -automobile fact. produce tanks
- -typewriter comp. produce armoe piercing shells
- -1944 17-18 mil workers-jobs in war indust.
- -fact.-products for war- shortage consumer goods
- -am gov ration scarce items
- -speed limit 35 save gas rubber
- -inspire ppl to greater effort- gov conduct propaganda campaigns
-
war limits civil rights
- -propaganda-negative effect
- -prejuiduce of jap-am
- -feb 19,1942 roosevelt issue internment of maps becuase they threat to country
- -march began to round up aliens and sent to relocation camps
- -prevent aliens from assisting japs
-
Victory in europe
- -in 1942- began secretly buliding force in brit.
- -plan to launch attack on german-held france across eng channel
-
The d-day invasion
- -may 1944 invasion force ready
- -eisenhower plan attack on coast of normally, northwesern france
- -ger knew attack coming
- - keep hitler guessing, set up dummy army with own headquarters and equipment
- -it appeared to be preparing to attack the french seaport of calais
- -operation overload-invasion of normandy- largest land and sea attack
- -began june6,1944 aka d-day
- -brit/am/french/canadian fight way into beach of normandy
- -am alone +2700 deaths
- -allies held beachheads
- -within month of d-day, 1 mil troops landed
- -july 25, punch hole in ger defense near saint lo and u.s thridy army-general george patton broke out
- -allies march to paris
- -sept, liberated france, belgium,luxembourg. set sight on ger.
-
the battle of the bulge
- -move toward ger from west
- -s.u. advance from east
- -hit face war on two fronts
- -he counterattack in west
- -hope victory split am/brit forces and break up allied supply lines
- -dec 16, ger break throu am defense along ardennes
- -push into allied lines gave the campaign its name aka battle of the bulge.
- -allied push ger back
- -ger retreat
-
Germany's unconditional surrender
- -war drew to close
- -allies roll across rhine river to ger.
- -3 mil allied soldiers advance to berlin from sw
- -6 mil s.u. advance from e
- -arp 25,1945 soviets surround capital and ppound with fire
- -hit commit suicide with lover-eva braun
- -may 7 1945, eisen hower accept unconditional surrender of ger.
- -roosevelt died apr 12
- -harry truman-successor
- -may 9- surrender off. sign in berlin
- -v-e day- victory in euro day. end after 6 y
-
Victory in the pacific
- -allies still fighting jap in pacific
- -allied victory in guadalcanal stop jap advances
- -rest of war, jap retreat before counterattack
-
The japanese in retreat
- -fall 1944, allies move into jap
- -oct, land on island leyte,phili.
- -macarthur order to leave island before their surrender in may 1942,waded ashore at leyte
- -jap devise plan to halt allied advance
- -would destroy am fleet,preventing from resupplying
- -would risk whole jap fleet
- -oct 23, battle of leyte gulf
- -jap navy lost
- -depend on kamikazes, suicide pilots
- -would sink ships by crashing with their bomb filled planes
- -march 1945-am take island iwo jima
- -apr1, us troops move to okinawa.
- -battle end, jap lost +100,000 troops
- -am lose 12,000
-
The japanese surrender
- -next stop japan
- -trumans advisors inform him that invasion of jap homeland risk half a million live
- - had to make decision to use a-bomb
- -it would bring quick end to war
- -developed by top secret manhattan project>leslie groves,j. robert oppenheimer
- -1st bomb explodein new mex july 16,1945
- -he warn jap that unless they surrender they would expect "rain of ruin fromt eh air"
- -no reply
- -aug 6 1945, us bomb hiroshima
- -aug 9,2nd bomb>nagasaki
- -jap surrender to macarthur sept 2
- -ceremony took place on battleship missouri in tokyo bay
-
devastation in europe
- -2/3 deaths in ww2 civilians
- -hundreds of cities in rubble
- -ground war destroy countryside
- -displaced persons- homeless
-
a harvest of destruction
- -paris,rome,brussels- undamaged
- -warsaw and london destoryed
- -allied bobs destroy 95% of central area of berlin
- -many had no water,electricity, food
- -lived in destroyed homes
- -many took to roads
- -displaced people include survivors of concentration, prisoners of war, and refugees found themselves int he wrong count. when treaties changed borders
- -
-
Misery continues after the war
- -fighting ravage euro countryside
- -agriculture disrupted
- -most men serve in military
- -women work in war product.
- -few remain to plant
- -transportation destroyed>harvests did not reach cities
- -famine and disease
- -winter>no shoes/coats
-
Postwar gov and politics
- -euro blamed leaders for aftermath
- -prewar gov returned>bel,holland,den.,norway
- -older leadership return-italy,ger,france
- -hit brought ger to ruins,muss led italy to defeat, vichy gov collab with nazis<old leadership in disgrace
- -itlay/france resist fighters- comm
- -after war, comm promise change
- -membership skyrocket>france/italy
- -to speed up plitical takeover, comm stage violent strikes
- -alarmed, french and italians react by voting for anti-comm
- -comm membership decline
- -decline more as france and italy recover
-
The nuremburg trial
- -issues with war crimes
- -1945/46 international military tribunal put nazi war criminals on trial in nuremburg,ger
- -1st of trails- 22 nazi leaders charged for waging war of aggression and accuse of commiting crimes against humanity
- -hitler, ss chief heinrich himmler , minister of prop. joseph gobbles suicide before trails
- -hormann goring,rudolf hess,and others face charges
- -hess guilty>life to prison
- -goring>death but cheated by suicide
- -ten other hanged
- -concentration camp dachau
-
occupied japan
- -macarthur took charge of u.s occupation of jap
- -determined to be fair
- -began process of demilitarization- disbanding jap forces
- -leave only small police force
- -bring war criminal to trial
- -hideki toko and 6 others condemn to hang
- -turn to democratization, process of creating gov elected by ppl
- -feb drew up consti.
- -change emp to constitutional monarchy
- -jap accept
- -start may 3.1947
- -told not to revive economy
- was instructed to broaden land ownership and increase participation of workers and farmers in the new democracy
- -put forth plan with absentee landlords and huge estates to sell land to gov.
- -gov sold land to tenant farmers for reasonable price
- -reforms push by macarthur gave workers right to create independant labor unions
-
Occupation brings deep chnages
- -new gov- emo no divine
- -emperor>figurehead-symbol of jap
- -new consti. guarantee real political power in map rested in ppl
- -the ppl elect 2 house parliament>the diet
- -all over 20 right to vote
- -gov led by pm chosen by diet
- -bill of rights protect rights of ppl
- -article 9- jap could no longer make war, could fight only if attacked
- -sept 1951-u.s and 47 other sign peace treaty with jap
- -off. end war
- -6m later u.s occupation in jap over
- -no more armed forcces- jap agreed continuing us military presence to protect country
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