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Deficiency in this hormone causes diabetes
insulin
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when diabetes is present, which endoderm derived organ malfunctioned?
pancreas
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Diabetes is caused by malfunction of which pancreatic cell type?
beta cells
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What cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?
beta cells
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Whats the order of the endoderm derived organs starting with the mouth and ending at the anus?
- mouth:
- -pharynx
- -trachea/lung
- -esophagus
- -stomach (foregut)
- -smal intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas (midgut)
- -colon(hindgut)
- anus
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what organ is part of foregut?
stomach
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what organs are part of midgut?
small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
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What organs are in the hind gut?
colon
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Which gut is the pancreas part of?
midgut
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What is the gut made of?
- -endoderm on the inside (epithelial lining)
- - layer of mesoderm on the outside
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Where does the outside layer of mesoderm on the gut come from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
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What is pancreas made of(what did she talk about?)
acini(leaves) and Islets of Lagerhans (inside acini)
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what type of cells are the islets of lagerhans?
endocrine cells
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what do exocrine cells produce?
digestive juices which contain digestive enzymes
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What type of cells are Beta cells?
endocrine cells
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What are insulin producing cells made from?
ES cells
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What is STZ?
streptozoan. It is a B cell toxin
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What does insulin do?
It causes cells to absorb glucose so glucose is cleared from blood
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What is used to have human ES cells in mice without rejection?
Use an immune system compromised mouse. SCID(severe combined immune deficient)
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What is the conclusion from putting human ES cells in mice?
hES cell-derived insulin producing cells can rescue blood glucose levels in a mouse diabetes model
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How to make insulin producing cells from ES cells?
- 1. ES cells from epiblast
- -makers : Nanog, Oct 4, Sox2
- 2. trick ES cells into becoming ME (mesendoderm cells) by using nodal and wnt.
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whats an endoderm specifying growth factor?
Nodal
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What does the LMP (lateral plate mesoderm become)? D/V patterning
- -somatic mesoderm which become limb buds in Dorsal region
- - splanchnic which becomes smooth muscle(wraps around gut) in the Ventral region
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What happens in A/P patterning?
a gradient of fgf, wnt and RA(retinoic acid) is formed. goes from posterior to anterior.
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what are the transcription factors and gene we talked about in A/P patterning?
cdx, pdx1, sox2
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what do future beta cells express?
Ngn3
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What separates the LPM into 2 regions?
coelom
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what is necessary for pancreatic development?
pdx1
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(pancreas development)
What does the notochord express and what does that do?
Expresses fgf/ activin. these repress shh. This becomes the dorsal pancreatic bud
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(pancreas development)
What does the cardiac tissue express and what does it do?
expresses shh which makes the ventral region turn into the ventral pancreatic bud
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How does lateral inhibition happen?
one mesenchymal cell expresses Ngn3 which activates expression of Dl (ligand). Dl signaling represses Ngn3 in neighboring cells
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