Anthropology 23: World Prehistory Final

• A lot of fishing
• Nomadic
• Depend on wild resources

• Plants animals not domesticated yet (we see no change in morphology)
• more calorie load out of small tracks of land
• more territoriality and warfare/social inequality
• smaller, lower ranked foods in diet

• See start of domestication of plants
• clearing, sowing, pruning, coppicing

• low intensity food production
• usually shared between one or a few families
• hand labor with own tools
• subsistence level farming

• Dependence on domesticated animals
• go where animals need to go for their food
• highly mobile

• irrigation, capture water and move it where it's needed
• animal labor
• metal drawn animal plow
• diff classes of people: manage who is producing food and tell people what to do
• manipulation of land/artificial landscapes/monumental architecture/etc

• Direct manipulation of genes
• imposing
• modern times
• imposing genetic process through artificial selective process

genetic makeup has been altered for human advantage. change in geography, morphology, genetics, behavior, etc. through conscious or unconcious human behavior

• change sin the genetic makeup
• ex: dog buried in close proximity to humans shows a close rlationship
• ex: donkeys (egypt) spines show used as pack animals
• animals and plants moving outside native enviornment
• ex: sorghum moving subsaharan africa to india
• change in body size or age structures
• ex: pottery shows used for horses milk in Kazakstan (3700)

• larger/sweeter seeds
• protective husks
• can no longer propagate on own
• ripen faster
• broad tolerance to diff environments/disturbances

• Levant: post natufian groups 98-88: emmer, einkorn, barley
• Legumes Neolithic/Chalcolitic 68-58
• Northern Andes: Potatoes and Tomatoes SA
• Americas: Squash and Bottle Gourd 8000
• Maize 4300 Beans 1000

• Northern Africa: Aurochs 9000 BCE (like cattle)
• West Asia/Middle East: Sheep and Goats 98088
• Africa: Sheep and Goats 5000
• SubSaharan AFrica-Guinea Fowl 2000
• AFrica; 5000 Cattle
• Levant: Pottery neolitic 68-58: Pigs and Cattle
• Egypt: Donkeys 5000
• Eurasia: Dogs 12kya
• Northern Andes, SA : 3000 llams and alpacas
• Guinea pigs 3000
• Ducks 3000
• NA: Turkeys from mexico 800 bce
• Cats 9500

dogs, 12 kya

• Easy breeding habits
• herd mentality
• ability to provide secondary products
• no competition for food
• dominance hierarchies that humans can take over
• high reproductive output

• basis of all existing civiliations
• increases productivity of land
• conflict
• land ownership
• changes land use
• inc pop potential
• people concentrate
• inc risk of food failure and starvation
• environmental degradation
• organizational complexity
• unequal accumulation of wealth
• inc demand for human labor
• inc in female fertility
• inc in disease

• stay in one area, take advantage of steady water supply and steady food source
• if move: seasonally or with herds
• smaller and lower ranked foods in diet

• process of intesification, don't want to move so work land to thier advantage
• plants slowly modified through selective breeding

still mostly hunter gatherers, but incorporating agricultural characteristics into cultures and diets

• grouping!
• 12500-9500
• see more politicla organization
• once they get a leader becomes chiefdom (more stratification) then once it gains power/territory/influence becomes state

• no more tents and huts
• permanent structures
• large pit houses with storage pits 125-95
• leads to rectangular with burnt lime plaster 88-68
• massive stone architecture 8000 (jericho)
• streets/more rooms/wells 88058 Shaar Hagolan, Israel

Mother Goddess Cult (Catal Huyuk, Turkey 7400-6000)

• 125-95
• semi sedentary huntergatheres
• domesticated dogs
• gazelle hunted
• round pit houses
• earliest villages in near east
• storage

• 98-88
• domesticated: emmer, einkorn,barley
• domesticated: goats
• relied on wild game
• small villages
• elliptical dwellings with flexed burials (in house)

• 88-68
• stratified towns
• earliest evidence for textiles: flax fibers
• Knowledge of water underneath surface and how to access it: Cyprus
• First metal working in record: Anatolia, Turkey
• legumes, wheat, barley
• larger sites and more of them
• rectangular houses-burnt lime plaster
• some people wealther than others
• inc reliance on domesticated plants and animals

• Cereals, legumes, dogs, goats, sheep
• cattle and pigs
• pottery: store liquids
• inc social stratification
• clay seals with impressions: ownership and distinction

• Cities: Densely populated
• Food surplus: domesticated plants and animals, new tools, irration
• Full time specialists: farmers, priests, craftworkers
• Social STratification
• Decline of kin based authority: development of laws and government
• standing army: physically impose will of leader
• long distance trade: markets controlled by state
• achievements: math, writing, astronomy, etc
• distinctive art styles: developing traditions
• monumental architecture: people in authority communicate power through development of landscape

• pop pressure
• redistribution
• irrigation
• warfare
• marxist explanations

• remove egalitarian ideals
• convince others the position is justified: ideology, religion, material goods

• convince people to work more than they need to: want surplus for storage to use to buy time and labor
• create debt among people: pay back with interest

• Symbol of power/economic wealth
• religious significance/astrological
• protection
• marks territory
• legitimized authority
• centralized location
• visible storage and redistribution centers

• Late Uruk 35-21 Mesopotamia
• recording and storing economic info (records of trade etc)
• cuneiform writing
• Abydoes Egypt

• 4000 BCE because of fertile land and agricultural potential, area by Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• (split into late uruk and early dynastic/bronze age)

• 35-31
• earlies twriting
• bronze casting
• wheel thrown potter
• advancements in mass production/standardization of accounging, art/access to goods/storage and accumulated wealth

• 29-20
• small regional states
• temples and palaces

• Came from Fertile Crescent, Europe by 6500
• natural irrigation, use natural floods/rain/floodplains
• Dairy 4000 bce
• intro to animal endive plow
• rapid transition of taking food in: Skara Brae, Scotland

from fertile crescent 6500,

• LBK: Linear BAndkeramik 56-50
• distinct pottery patterns, ID'd by imprints from coccal shells, long rectangluar houses lke barns
• Chalcolithic: 4500-SE Europe Metalworking

• GOld and copper-status symbols
• later copper for tools then bronze then iron since stronger

• bronze 3200
• iron 800

• Chambered tombs: buried dead external to homes
• menhir: single standing stone
• stone
• Newgrange Ireland: 450 stone slabs, aligned with stars, ritual acitvity
• Carnac and Southern Brittany, France: 12 lines of stones, bringing together worlds
• Stonehenge (3-1.5)

• Diff plants/farming Techniquess
• Domesticated cattle/sheep/goats came from NA to Sub Africa
• Guinea fowl only native domesticated to Sub Africa
• NA: tied to mesopotamia and development of egyptian states
• Sub: uniquely developed pastoralism, iron production without copper/bornze age, bantu expansion, late rise of complexity

• Old Kindom: 27-22, pharoahs and pyramids, with decline of old kingdom/decline of central power. problem with controlling food sustenance/supply weakens phraoahs
• Middle Kingdom: 200-1650, long dist trade, more skirmishes, arts and literature, conquest of nubia, bronze age tech, horses and chariots
• New Kingdom Dynasties 1550-1070: states turning into empire, pharoahs/leaders buried in valley of kings
• DECLINE: 525 BCE, break down of indigenous rulers, 2nd peak of babylon, followed by greek rule

• Egypt and Mesopotamia
• general decentralization (no big temple or palace in center of town)
• ruled by economically powered people
• strong emphasis on cleanliness and structure

• Chavin cult spread through smaller communities, encouraging exhcnage of gifts and tributes
• importance of ritual display in andes
• power in hands of few
• shamanism had high level of contact: encouraged people to accept leaders of cult
• more people, more potential for power
• resources like this made it ideal place to settle
• l

centralized with priest as ruler, ceremonial complex (circular plaza) surrounded by city/community

• 1000-1572 CE
• Quechua
• maize basied agricultlure
• 10 leaders/rulers
• 7 did most expansion (son and grandson rule)
• women marry born incans, men get beaurocratic posts
• military expansion

Rapa Nui, boating, Ag/Ritual/etc. Coast use: fishing/bead ornamentation/etc.

• Climate Change- Greenland Norse, entered an ice age and was unable to persevere.
• Hostile Neighbors
• No Neighbors (or not helpful neighbors)- Easter Island, isolated, no help
• Destruction of resources on which they rely- Easter Island (extinction of trees, over fishing, over hunting, depletion of soil)
• Civil unrest (authority abusing power)  - Egypt and the Old Kingdom, Easter Island
• Over-exploitation
• erosion
• Spread of disease / infestations that deplete resources
• over population - Easter Island

• 4 layers; PPNA, PPNB PNa, PNB
• found : tells (mound where people reoccupied site until big heap of human habitation)
• massive stone archtecture
• investment in ritual burials: remvoed heads, plastered skulls

• 68-58
• largest known neolithic settlement
• streents, courtyard/lots of rooms
• high pop density/densely packed
• clay figurines of women

• 74060
• domesticated cereals and legumes
• sheep/cattle
• pottery and obsidian tools
• mother goddess cult-venus figurines
• conography: unique symbolism or religious
• neolithic town and one of earliest urban settlement sknown
• farmers and pastoralists

33-29, first real city, earliest writing for recording economic info

• 2110, 3 tiered
• ziggurat (temple/palace stamped with kigns names)
• 16 royal tombs, included all people with them
• skull fracturing-human sacrifice in tombs

• peaked 1792
• Law code of Hammurabi
• short lived, peaked second time 604

• 6500 early settlement
• earliest evidence for domesticating sheep and goats as well as non native fertile crescent plants

• 6000-5000
• neolithic cultures being integrated into europe
• fertile points on landscape so persisting there
• tells, venus figurines (shaar hagulan influence)

• 4560-4450
• chacolithic tech
• biggest show of goldworking in world
• status marker/social differentiation
• gold is dominanat
• one of earliest examples of metalworing
• copper soft, better for ornamentation than tools

• 3100-2500
• 8 houses with passages in between all of stone
• housed less than 50
• wheat/barley/sheep /cows

• 3300 BCE
• oldes body found with everyday items
• not burial/sacrifice, gives new view of chalcolithic/late neolithic peoples
• alps at austrian/italian border
• intestinal parasites
• guts indicated died in spring

• 3100
• large circular mound, stone passageways/chambers
• religious: aligned with rising sun and winter solstice

• Origins of First dynasty, king Scorpian first king/phraroah.
• Oldes writing in Egypt 3300

3 successive Pharoahs. largest: complex corridors. example of site never lost/still on landscape 27-2200

600-350, lots of raw materials for ironworking

1220, climatic change: better for ag/cattle (tsetse fly doesnt live at higher elevations)

1150=1300, aka Cliff Canyon, defensible location. dendrochronology technique for climatic reconstructions

• 1050-1200
• kivas/great houses with roomas round common area
• round in ground pueblo style houses
• monk's mound: largest earthwork in NA
• status diffs in burials
• tratified society with ruling elite
• no oral history by time europeans arrived
• decline due to climate and conflict

• 1000 bce, new religious cult with rise of chiefdom
• human/animalisc faces, left to right ransform into animal faces, drugs?
• artwork with animals not around andes (link to amazonian)
• lazon-fanged god, most ancient cult statue in original setting

• capital of incan empire
• complex water/sewage

• 1438-1471
• terracing, irrigation
• high elevation/protection from spanish

• low fired earthenware pottery
• horticulture: root and tree crop based

• Polynesians
• 400 CE
• stone heads
• overpopulation, environmental degredation