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COSINE
HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
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FREE SURFACE EFFECT
THE AMOUNT OF SPACE IN A COMPARTMENT THAT LIQUID HAS THE ABILITY TO MOVE TO.
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HOW TO AFFECT FREE SURFACE EFFECT?
- POCKETING- ALMOST FULL
- POCKETING- SHALLOW
- SLUICE VALVE- CLOSED
- SURFACE PERMEABILITY
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HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
INCREASES AS DEPTH INCREASES
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WHAT 3 SITUATIONS MUST EXIST TO HAVE FREE COMMUNICATIONS EFFECT (FCE)?
- COMPARTMENT OPEN TO THE SEA
- COMPARTMENT PARTIALLY FLOODED
- COMPARTMENT OFF-CENTERLINE OR UNEVEN ABOUT THE CENTERLINE.
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HOW CAN YOU REDUCE FREE COMMUNICATION EFFECT (FCE)?
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A TOTAL RISE OF GRAVITY IS?
FREE SURFACE EFFECT (FSE) + FREE COMMUNICATION EFFECT (FCE).
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WHAT IS LCF?
LONGITUDINAL CENTER OF FLOTATION (LCF)
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WHAT IS DRAG?
DESIGN FEATURE TO HAVE DRAFT AFT GREATER THAN DRAFT FORWARD.
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WHAT IS TRIM?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FORWARD AND AFT DRAFTS, IN EXCESS OF DRAG.
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WHAT IS PARALLEL SINKAGE?
THE DISTANCE THAT THE DRAFTS FORE AND AFT INCREASE DUE TO A WEIGHT ADDITION.
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WHAT IS PARALLEL RISE?
THE DISTANCE THAT THE DRAFTS FORE AND AFT DECREASE DUE TO A WEIGHT REMOVAL.
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WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN GROUNDED
- WEIGH THE SHIP DOWN HARD
- INVESTIGATE FOR DAMAGE
- DETERMINE TONS AGROUNDS
- CALCULATE CRITICAL DRAFT
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WHILE IN DRYDOCK
- DRY WEIGHT LOG (500 LBS) OR MORE
- SKIN VALVES BLACK FLANGED
- PERMISSIOIN FOR OVERBOARD DISCHARGE
- VERIFY FROM FARTHEST AND HIGHEST PLUG FROM RISER
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WHAT GUIDELINES MUST BE ADHERED TO IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN A SATISFACTORY CONDITION WITH REGARD TO STABILITY?
- LIMITING DRAFT MARKS NOT SUBMERGED PRIOR TO DAMAGE
- NO ABNORMAL TOPSIDE WEIGHTS
- LIQUID LOADING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOLLOWED
- WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY IS MAINTAINED
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FOUR TYPES OF SINKAGE?
- BODILY SINKAGE= NEGATIVE (GB)
- CAPSIZING= NEGATIVE (GM)
- PLUNGING = LOSS OF LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
- BREAKING UP = LOSS OF SHIPS GIRDER
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GREEN SPACE
FLOODING OF GREEN SPACES WILL IMPROVE STABILITY
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PINK SPACE
FLOODING OF PINK SPACES WILL DECREASE STABILITY BECAUSE OF ADDED HIGH WEIGHT.
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YELLOW SPACE
FLOODING OF YELLOW SPACES WILL IMPROVE STABILITY IF NO FREE SURFACE EXISTS
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FLOODING LENGTH
THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE WITHIN THE SHIP THAT CAN BE SYMMETRICALLY FLOODED WITHOUT SUBMERGING THE MARGIN LINE.
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MARGIN LINE
AN IMAGINARY WATERLINE LOCATED THREE INCHES BELOW THE BULKHEAD DECK.
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HOW TO COMBAT PROGRESSIVE FLOODING (PFL)
- WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY
- COMPARTMENTALIZATION
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THREE STEPS IN FLOODING CASUALTY?
- STEP ONE - ESTABLISH FLOODING BOUNDARIES
- STEP TWO - DEWATER ANY PINK SPACES
- STEP THREE - SIZE UP THE SITUATION TO DETERMINE WHETHER STABILITY IS CRITICAL BEFORE ANY FURTHER ACTION IS TAKEN.
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WHAT FOUR THINGS ARE REQUIRED FOR CRITICAL STABILITY?
- 1. SHIP HAS NEGATIVE GM - ELIMINATE (FSE/FCE) SHIFT WEIGHT DOWN.
- 2. SHIP IS LISTING TO THE DANGER ANGLE - DETERMINE CAUSE OF LIST, CORRECT FOR GM
- 3. FLOODABLE LENGTH EXCEEDED - DE-WATER, SHORE HOLES AND BULKHEADS
- 4. DAMAGE WITH BAD WEATHER - MANEUVER SHIP OUT OF WEATHER
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WHAT NSTM IS FOR DRY DOCK?
NSTM 997
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WHAT CAN COUNTER ACT FREE SURFACE EFFECT (FSE)?
- POCKETING
- SLUICE VALVES CLOSED
- SURFACE PERMEABILITY
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WHAT CAN COUNTER ACT FREE COMMUNICATION EFFECT (FCE)?
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WHAT ARE THE TWO (2) TYPES OF POCKETING?
- SHALLOW= ALMOST EMPTY
- FULL= ALMOST FULL
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WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PUB FOR SHIP STABILITY?
DC BOOK SECTION II (a)
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WHAT ARE FOUR (4) SHIPS LIMITATIONS TO SHIPS DESIGN?
- NO ABNORMAL TOPSIDE WEIGHT
- WATER TIGHT INTEGRITY
- LIQUID LOAD DIAGRAMS BEING FOLLOWED
- LIMITING DRAFT MARKS NOT SUBMERGED PRIOR TO DAMAGE
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IF WEIGHT IS REMOVED FROM FLIGHT DECK, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE WATER LINE?
DECREASES (GOES DOWN)
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WHEN WEIGHT IS REMOVED FROM FLIGHT DECK WHAT HAPPENS TO METACENTER?
INCREASES (GOES UP)
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WHEN WEIGHT IS REMOVED FROM THE FLIGHT DECK, WHAT HAPPENS TO GRAVITY (G)?
DECREASES (GOES DOWN)
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WHEN (GM) INCREASES ROLL PERIORDS ARE?
FASTER
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WHEN (GM) IS DECREASED ROLL PERIODS ARE?
SLOWER
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WHY DOES GM DECREASE WHEN SHIPS RUN AGROUND?
THERE IS A WEIGHT REMOVAL FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SHIP. (G) GOES AWAYS FROM WEIGHT REMOVAL (M) GOES AWAY FROM WATER LINE.
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WHAT STEPS DO YOU TAKE AS THE DCA WHEN SHIPS RUN AGROUND?
- WEIGH THE SHIP DOWN HARD
- CALCULATE TONAGE AGROUND
- INVESTIGATE FOR DAMAGE (BOUNDARIES)
- CALCULATE CRITICAL DRAFT
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WHAT MAKES STABILITY CRITICAL?
- NEGATIVE (GM)
- LISTING TO DANGER ANGLE
- WHEN FLOODABLE LENGTH IS EXCEEDED
- DAMAGE IN BAD WEATHER
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WHY IS NEUTRAL STABILITY BAD?
BECAUSE THERE IS ALWAYS GOING TO BE AN OUTSIDE FORCE PUSHING ON THE SHIP CAUSING A POTENTIAL CAPSIZE.
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WHO DO YOU HAVE TO TRAIN BEFORE ENTERING DRY DOCK?
IMPORT EMERGENCY TEAM (IET)
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WHAT ARE YELLOW SPACES?
SPACES THAT INCREASE STABILITY WHEN FLOODED.
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IF YELLOW SPACES ARE NOT COMPLETELY FILLED WITH WATER THEY CAN CAUSE WHAT?
FREE SURFACE EFFECT (FSE)
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WHAT ARE THREE CAUSES OF A LIST?
- (G) OFF THE CENTERLINE
- NEGATIVE (GM)
- OR COMBINATION OF BOTH
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REASON TO BALLAST?
- AMPHIBIOUS OPS
- LOWER (G) FOR DAMAGE
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WHAT IS THE DANGER ANGLE?
HALF OF THE MAXIMUM RIGHTING ARM ANGLE
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WHAT IS FLOODABLE LENGTH?
WHEN THE MAXIMUM LENGTH OF CONSECUTIVE COMPARTMENTS THAT CAN BE FLOODED WITHOUT SUBMERGING THE MARGIN LINE.
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HOW DO YOU COUNTER ACT FLOODABLE LENGTH?
DE-WATERING
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HOW DO YOU COUNTER-ACT LISTING TO YOUR DANGER ANGLE?
SHIFT WEIGHT TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE
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WHEN PULLING OUT FROM DRY DOCK, WHAT PLACES HAVE TO BE MANNED?
- ANY SPACE WHERE THE BLOCKS MADE CONTACT WITH HULL
- ANY SPACE THAT HAD WORK DONE TO IT
- HULL PENETRATIONS
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WHAT IS BODILY SINKAGE?
WHEN GRAVITY (G) OUT WEIGH'S BUOYANCY (B)
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WAYS A SHIP CAN SINK?
- BODILY SINKAGE
- CAPSIZING
- PLUNGING
- BREAKING UP
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WHAT IS SAGGING?
- WHEN THE DRAFT OF THE CENTER OF SHIP IS DEEPER THAN FORE AND AFT
- (SHIFT WEIGHT FORE AND AFT)
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WHAT IS HOGGING?
- WHEN THE DRAFT FORE AND AFT IS DEEPER THAN THE CENTER OF THE SHIP
- (SHIFT WEIGHT TO CENTER)
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COMPARTMENT 4-305-1-E
B=35 L=40 H=12 D= 5.5
PRT SIDE OF COMPARTMENT IS 10FT FROM SHIPS CENTERLINE.
SOLVE FOR WEIGHT OF FLOODING (w) AND WEIGHT FINAL (Wf)? WEIGHT ORIGINAL(WO)=9000LT
- 35X40X5.5= (w)=220LT
- 35 FT3-LT
(w)220LT + (W O)9000LT= 9220LT
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FIND FREE COMMUNICATION EFFECT (FCE)?
COMPARTMENT 4-305-1-E, 10 FT FROM SHIPS CENTERLINE
B=35 L=40 (Wf)=9220LT
- 35X40X27.52 =3.29LT
- 35 FT3 x (Wf)
- LT
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HOW DO YOU SOLVE FOR Y2
HALF (1/2) WIDTH OF SHIP MINUS(-) HALF (1/2) WIDTH OF COMPARTMENT
OR
HALF (1/2) WIDTH OF COMPARTMENT PLUS (+) DISTANCE OF COMPARTMENT TO CENTERLINE
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COMPARTMENT 4-305-1-E
B=35 L=40 D=5 LBP 500FT LCF= 30 AFT PERP
MT1= 1595FT-IN TPI=52.1T-IN
SOLVE FOR PARALLEL SINKAGE(P/S) AND TA
- (PS) =(w)=220LT 52.1 =4.30FT
- 325 - 280
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- 500 LCF 250 0
325-280= (TA)=45FT
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