Psychology Test #3

We learn by association

False

Any relatively ermanent change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience.

• Process by which we resond less strongly over time to reeated stimuli.
• Habitual

Process by which we resond more strongly over time.

• Learning to associate one stimulus with another.
• Sea Slug- Eric Kandel-

Studying digestion in dogs

A form of learning in which an organism comes to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that is associated with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

UCS, UCR, CS, CR

Stimulus (biologically significant) that produces an automatic response

Automatic response to a UCS that does not need to be learned.

Initially neutral stimulus, becomes associated with the UCS through conditioning.

• The behavior that is learned in response to the conditioned stimulus.
• In most cases the CR is similar to the UCR but it is rarely identical to it.

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery

• Learning phase during which a CR is established.
• It is the initial learning stage in which an association between neutral stimulus and UCS.
• NS needs to come before the CS
• The time between the two stimuli should be about half a second.

Gradual decrease and elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.

• The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR.
• The sudden reemergence of an extinguished CR after a delay in exposure to the CS.
• Learning is not permanenty lost.

Reaction to a stimulus with the same response one has learned to give another, simular stimulus.

• 1. The CS must be strong and distinctive enough for the subject to percieve it easily.
• 2. The order in which the CS & UCS are presented- present CS just before the UCS.
• 3. The amount of time between the occurence of the CS & the UCS -a fraction of a second and a few seconds.
• 4. Conditionining is usually cummulative- each trail builds on the learners previous experience.

Pairing sights and sounds of products to establish classically conditioned connections between their brands and positive emotions.

Little Albert

• Intense fear
• Classical conditioning also offers a way to get rid of phobia.

The type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by punishment.

• The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely.
• Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely.

A bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food/water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal response.

• Any event or outcome that strengthens the probability of a response or behavior.
• It is encouragement

• Positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of behavior.
• Adds something pleasant

• Removal of negative outcome or consequence of behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
• Removes something unpleasant.

• The outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens or decreases the probability of a behavior.
• Administers something unpleasant.

Give undesirable stimulus

Take away desirable stimulus

The operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through succesive approx.

• Reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
• Ex- piecework pay

• Reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses.
• Ex- Gambling, fishing

• Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
• Ex- studying only right before test

• Reinforces a response at an unpredictable time.
• Ex- pop quiz

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or punishments.

• CC-   
• Response
• Automatic
• Involuntary
• Reward
• Independent
• Body System
• Nervous

• OC-
• Voluntary
• Dependent
• Motor/ Skeletal

Learning that isnt directly observable; we learn many thingsw/o showing them but until an incentive to demosrate.

• Learning by watching others (models) w/o instruction or reinforcement.
• Bandura- boo boo doll experiement.

Subjects suddently "get" the solution to a problem.

• The retention of information over time.
• The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrival of info.

Reason wh we dont remember things before 3/4

• Neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.
• Not yet developed.
• No interest in remembering the past
• Infants have low sense of self.

• Process of getting info into memory.
• Keyboard

• Process of keeping or retaining encoded info over time.
• Flashdrive

• Process of reactivation or reconstruction of info from memory storage.
• Computer

• Immediate and very brief storage of perceptual info.
• Holds detailed and literal of incoming info for 1/2 sec.

Viual

Auditory/ hearing

• Retains info for limited duration and capacity.
• 7 +- 2 pieces of info
• Conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual- spatial info and of info retrieved from long-ter memory.

• Relatively lasting or permament, limitless storehouse of info, knowledge, facts, experience, and skills we have acquired over life.
• Capacity is large.
• Can endure for decades.

• LTM is large, limitless, permanent
• STM- only remember magic # (7+-2) 20/30 sec

Unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency

Encoding that requires attention and concious effort.

• Spacing
• Serial Position

• By Meaning
• By Images
• By Organization

• Learning aids, strategies or devices that enhance recall.
• They are techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices to help one remember material easily and quickly.

• The process of recalling info intentionally
• Hippocampus

Facts or Knowledge

Knowledge of events in our lives.

• Not deliberately remembered.
• Doesn't require conscious efforot