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3 Gram-Positive Bacilli
- 1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- 2. Listeria monocytogenes
- 3. Bacillus sp including anthrax
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Corynebacterium Configuration
–V, Y or Chinese letters letter clumps
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Corynebacterium Features
- Non-spore
- Small club-shaped rods
- Nonmotile
- Ubiquitous–colonize skin
- uro and gastro- intestinal tract, upper respiratory system
- Opportunists
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Corynebacterium Shape
•Small club-shaped rods
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Corynebacterium motility
•Nonmotile
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Corynebacterium Location
- Skin
- Uro and gastro- intestinal tract
- Upper respiratory system
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae transmission
person to person
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae Carried/Maintained in:
asymptomatic oropharynx or skin carriage
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae resovoir:
Humans
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae Immunization effects:
Reduces incidence in young
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes:
Respiratory diptheria
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae has delayed onset of symptoms of:
2-6 days
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae muliplies locally in the:
Oropharynx
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae creates sudden onset of repiratory diptheria symptoms including:
- sore throat
- malaise
- exudative pharyngitis
- low grade fever
- pseudomembrane
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Pseudomembrane of Respiratory diptheria is firmly attached in the:
pharynx
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Systemic respiratory diptheria symptoms are caused by:
Diptheria toxin
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Untreated Respiratory Diptheria can lead to:
Cardiac and Respiratory Collapse
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Diptheria toxin mainly targets:
Cardiac and Nervous tissue
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Diptheria Toxin Creates Deleterious effects by:
Blocking host cell protein Synthesis
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Diptheria toxin is produced by the:
B-phage
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B-phage codes for:
Diptheria toxin
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True/False: Lytic is stage required for release of Diptheria toxin?
False
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The Diptheria Toxin Fragments/Sites are:
A, B, T and P site
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A-fragment of Diptheria toxin is the:
Active fragment
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B-fragment of Diptheria toxin is the:
- BINDING
- Binding to HB-EGF
- (heparin binding epidermal growth factor)
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T fragment of Diptheria Toxin
TRANS-LOCATION
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P-site of Diptheria toxin is the:
Proteolytic cleavage to release the A fragment
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Diptheria toxin is an:
Enzyme
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Diptheria toxin enzyme type is:
- ADP-ribosylating exotoxin
- (ADP-ribosyltransferase)
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Diptheria toxin enzymatic action is:
Transfers ADP-ribose from NAD+ to Elongation Factor II
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Diptheria toxin enzymatic action leads to:
Halting protein synthesis of host cell and death of host cell
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Pharyngeal inflammation and pseduomembrane are symptoms of:
Corynebacterium Diptheriae infection causing Respiratory Diptheria
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Corynbacterium aside from pharygeal symptoms can cause:
Localized Ulcerative Cutaneous Lesions
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Corynebacterium Diptheriae is diagnosed by
Elek test ( cultures and tests for tox+)
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Elek test positive result is indicated by:
toxin/antitoxin form X shaped lines of percipitate.
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Elek test is performed by
streaking a line of cultured bacteria perpendicular to an antitoxin soaked filter paper and incubating for 18-48 hours
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Pharmeceutical treatment for Diptheria
Immediate antibiotics (penicillin or erythromycin) and antitoxin
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Diptheria prevention
Immunization with Diptheria toxoid and Prophylactic Antibiotics
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Non-Pharmaceutical treatment of Diptheria
Maintain open airway and isolate patient (for oropharyngeal). Treat contacts prophylactically
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Listeria monocytogenes bacteria type:
Gram-positive (only G+ with endotoxin)
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Unique feature of Listeria Monocytogenes
G+ with Endotoxin
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Listeria Monocytogenes Features:
- •Gram-positive/the only G+ with endotoxin
- •Non-spore-forming
- •Facultative anaerobe
- •Coccobacillus (cigar shape)/bacillus
- •Infects neonates, elderly, pregnant women, immunocompromised patients
- •Intracellular pathogen
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Listeria Monocytogenes forms spores (True/False)
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Listeria monocytogenes metabolism
Facultative Anaerobe
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Listeria monocytogenes Shape:
Coccobacillus (cigar shape)/bacillus
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Listeria Monocytogenes primarily infects:
- Infects neonates
- Elderly
- Pregnant women
- Immunocompromised patients
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Listeria Monocytogenes is an Extracellular pathogen (True/False):
- False
- Intracellular pathogen
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Listeria Monocytogenes is resistant to:
Cold and Salt
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Listeria Monocytogenes can grow in Temperatures as low as:
4º C
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Listeria Monocytogenes is associated with outbreaks in:
Dairy Products and Cheese
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Listeria causes ____________ in neonates and adults with impaired cell mediated immunity
Septicemia and Meningitis
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Listeria Monocytogenes causes _____________ in pregnant women
perinatal infections
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Perinatal infections of Listeria Monocytogenes can cause:
- Abortion
- Still Birth
- Premature Birth
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There is no vaccine available for Listeria Monocytogenes (True/False)
True
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Listeria Monocytogenes is pharmaceutically treated with:
penicillin or ampicillin alone or with gentamicin
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There are what types of tests availabale to identify Listeria Monocytogenes?
Biochemical and Serological
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Serological is:
Diagnostic examination of blood serum
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Listeria Monocytogenes causes ___________ in adults.
- influenza-like illness
- primary bacteremia
- meningitis
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Bacillus Species morphology is:
Gram-positive rods (bacilli)
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Anthrax can be identified by
Flourescent capsule satian or India Ink Capsule Stain
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Bacillus is or is not spore forming?
Is Spore forming
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Bacillus metabolism is:
Aerobic
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Bacillus Anthracis colony Morphology
"Medusa Head"
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Humans are exposed to anthrax via:
soil and animal skins
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Anthrax is also called
Woolsorters disease
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North American Anthrax incidence is small due to:
Vaccination of Domestic Animals
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Pulmonary Anthrax occurs due to:
- inhalation of spores
- the spores than cause vegitative cells in the lungs
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Virulence factors of Anthrax
antiphagocytic capsule and exotoxin
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Cutaneous Anthrax occurs do to:
localized/spores enter abrasions in skin usually due to conact with wool, bone, hair, and hide that enters through abrasions
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Cutaneous Anthrax can be spread by:
Insects
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Cutaneous Anthrax is localized or systemic?
localized
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Most common form of Anthrax is:
Cutaneous Anthrax (95%)
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Where must infecting cells be to cause Cutaneous Anthrax?
Under the skin
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Cutaneous anthrax symptom:
Sall painless eschar with edema forms
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Untreated Cutaneous Anthrax causes death in:
20%
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Treated Anthrax causes death in:
Almost none, very rare
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Forms of Anthrax Infection
- Cutaneous
- Inhalation
- Gastrointestinal
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax Occurs from:
Eating infected Meat
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax causes:
Fatal Septicemia
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax causes septicemia by:
Growing in the bowel and crossing the intestinal barrier.
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Symptoms of Inhalation Anthrax
Mediastinal Widening
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Mediastinal Widening is determined by:
X-ray
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mortality rate of intestinal Anthrax
50-100% despite treatment
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Intestinal Anthrax Symptoms:
- generalized toxemia
- fever
- acute gastroenteritis
- vomiting
- bloody diarrhea
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Bowl Escelar of Intestinal is similar to:
cutaneous lesions of cutaneous nathrax
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Anthrax Toxin Componants include:
- PA = protective antigen
- LF = lethal factor = Zn dependent protease that induces cytokines
- EF = adenylate cyclase
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Anthrax PA component is:
Protective Antigen
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Anthrax toxin LA factor =
Lethal Factor = zinc dependant protease that induces Cytokines
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EF component of Anthrax toxin =
Adenylate Cyclase
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LA + PF anthrax toxin components combine to form:
Lathal Activity
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EF +PA anthrax toxin components combine to produce:
Edema
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EF + LF Anthrax components combine to produce
Inactive!
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PA + LF + EF anthrax factors combine to form:
lethality, edema and necrosis
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Pharmaceutical treatment of Bioterrorism Anthrax for Adults:
- Ciprofloxacin 400mg q12h
- OR
- Doxycycline 100mg q12h
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Anthrax Vaccine name:
AVA
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Anthrax Vaccine is:
Cell free filtrate of Bacillus Anthracis Culture
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True/False AVA contains whole cells
False
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AVA cultures are prepared from:
toxigenic encapsulated strain
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AVA contains which component of Anthrax toxin?
PA adsorbed to Aluminum Hydroxide (amphogel)
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Athrax vaccine is Adsorbed True or False?
True
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Anthrax vaccine is injected how?
IM
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Anthrax injection schedule is:
0,2,4 weeks. bosster at 6,12, and 18 months
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AVA is made by many manufacturers True/False?
False, only one
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Bacillus Cereus causes
Enterotoxin mediated food poisoning
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Spores of Bacillus Cereus can withstand heating True/False
True
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After heating B. Cereus spores can:
germinate, multiply and secrete exotoxin
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B. Cereus is associated with outbreaks in ______________.
Rice
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B Cereus can be identified by
Malachite green spore stain
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Food poisning by B. Cereus usually occurs because
heat treatments and pasturization do not kill endospores that germinate if not refrigerated
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What is “the” virulence factor of C. diphtheriae?
Diptheria Toxin
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How does the β-phage relate to the virulence of C. diphtheriae?
β-phage is a lysogenic page that imparts the genetic information for Diptheria toxin
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What is the action of diphtheria toxin?
Prevents host cell protein synthesis by transferring ADP-Ribose from NAD to Elongation Factor II
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What organism has a unique resistance to cold? Grows in dairy products at 4º C?
Listeria Monocytogenes
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Composition of the capsule of B. anthracis?
The capsule is composed of glutamic acid
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