Lecture test 3

study of blood

Regulation-body temp, H2O balance, pH balance

Distribution-transports O2 and Co2, all hormones, glucose, and other chemicals

Protection-WBC fighting invaders. Hemostasis=blood clotting (protects you from losing all that blood)

• Volume=6 liters
• red
• salty-due to Na and other electrolytes
• sticky-protein in blood
• heavier than H2O
• hypertonic to the tissue
• Ph 7.35-7.45
• specific gravity

Percentage of RBC in total volume of blood.

about 45% in males (higher than females)

cells (red and white) and platelets

liquid portion of the blood

formation of blood cells

in adults, stem cells are in flat bones

• 45% red blood cells
• 1% white blood cells and platelets
• 55% plasma

• Proteins (7%)
• 60% Albumin
• 36% Globulins-gamma immuno antibodies-made by WBC for defense
• 4% Fibrinogen-blood clotting
• Gases (<1%)
• 1% N2, O2, CO2

* proteins made by liver

is a complex mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes.

• 92% water
• 7% proteins
• 1% electrolytes, wastes, gases, and nutrients, vitamins, and hormones.

develops all cells except the lymphocyte. Lymphocyte comes from Lymphoid.

• transport oxygen
• transport CO2

• -biconcave disc
• -anucleate (no nucleus)
• -Hemoglobin (hem, globins, HbA vs HbF)

• -2 chains=146 a.a./2 chains=141 a.a
• -574 amino acids in hemoglobin
• -heme-located in the center. it's what attracts O2
• -One mol. of hemoglobin can transport 4O2.
• -4Fe=sat. oxy.
• -250 millions of hemoglobin in a red blood cell
• -one red blood cell can carry 1 billion mol of O2

formation of erythrosite

• 3 phases
• phase 1-Ribosome synthesis
• phase 2-Hemoglobin accumulation
• phase 3-Ejection of nucleus

it takes 4 days to produce RBC from red bone marrow.

5-6 million/ml=red blood cell count

• negative feedback
• Hormone Erythropoietin made by kidneys
• When O2 is down, EPO targets red bone marrow to increase # of RBC, so O2 goes up

120 days

Then, they will be broken down by WBC in liver (Macrophages)

• leaves the body in the feces.
• -gives color to stool.
• -If bilirubin doesn't leave can cause Jaundice
• -bilirubin buildup in tissues causes yellowing of the skin.

• HbF-fetal hemoglobin.
• -Stronger affinity for O2.
• -Important in fetus-blood is oxygen poor

• HbA- adult hemoglobin
• -HbF broken down and new cells with HbA
• -RBC destruction produces excess bilirubin into bile
• -Yellowing of skin and eyes
• -"bili lights"

formation of leukocytes

• -least abundant-less than 1%
• -make heparin-anticocigulant
• -releases histamines-allergic reaction, inflammation
• -Granulocyte

• -1-3%
• -parasites
• -typically live about 12 hours
• -Granulocyte

• -the most abundant 54-62%
• -function-bacteria slayers
• -Granulocytes

• Neutrophil
• Basophil
• Eosinophil

• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte

• -3-9%
• -Lifespan is months
• -fight viruses
• -monocyte indicates viral infection. Heart shaped nucleus.

• -33%
• -Second most abundant of leukocytes
• -T cells-made in thymus gland under Thymosin effect
• -B cells

• -blood test
• -count each type of leukocyte
• -use to detect problem

cells divide and don't do anything

• -fragmented pieces of cells; not true cells
• -involved in blood clotting
• -clot=thrombus

don't know where it's made. Involved in blood clotting.

• -secrete serotonin
• -platelet plug
• -secretes procoagulant
• -initiates fibrinolysis-fall off
• -secretes chemicals to attract Neu. (bac) and Mono (virus)
• -Internalized and destroy bacteria
• -Secretes growth factors-maintain and repair blood vessels
• Platelets tend to stick together

• The stoppage of blood flow
• 3 steps
• 1) Blodd vessel spasm. Vascular spasm serotonin (platelets muscle contract) vasoconstriction
• 2) Platelet plug-sticky-rough surface
• 3) Coagulation-clot

We have to have 13 clotting factors. Ca, Fibrinogen

• -clotting factors
• -severe burns
• -accumulation fat
• -blood pooling-need to move
• -physical blows
• -vaso constriction-squeezing b.v. increases blood clotting
• -cancer

• -Aspirin
• -heparin
• -smooth vessel walls
• -movement of blood
• -vasodilation

• -Over 30 different blood groups
• -ABO/Rh most common
• -Blood type determine by presence or absence of antigen (A or B proteins) on surface of RBC membrane
• -Genetically determined-can never be changed

A antigen on surface of RBC membrane

B antigen on surface of RBC membrane

A and B  antigen on surface of RBC membrane

No A nor B antigen on surface of RBC membrane

• -Found in plasma
• -A and B antibodies are pre-formed during prenatal development.
• -Make opposite antibody to antigen on RBC membrane

have antibodies B in plasma

have antibodies A in plasma

have no antibodies in plasma

have both antibodies A and B in plasma

interaction between antigen and antibodies when given wrong blood type.

A deficiency of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain

• -Neutrophils
• -Eosinophils
• -Basophils
• -Monocytes
• -Lymphocytes