WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE: SINGLE, CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
FUNCTION: TO REPLICATE GENTIC INFORMATION
HOW ARE REGULATORY AND STRUCTURAL GENES FUNCTIONALLY DIFFERENT
REGULATORY GENES: CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION
STRUCTURAL GENES: CODES FOR RNA MACHINERY USED IN PROTEIN PRODUCTION
WHAT IS THE BASE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA NUCLEOTIDES
PHOSPHATE
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASE
NUCLEOTIDES COVALENTLY BOND TO EACH OTHER IN A SUGAR PHOSPHATE LINKAGE THAT BECOMES THAT BACKBONE OF EACH STRAND
EACH SUGAR ATTACHES IN A REPETITIVE PATTERN TO 2 PHOSPHATES
ONE IS TO THE 5' CARBON AND THE OTHER TO THE 3' CARBON
GUANINE CYTOSINE ADENINE THYMINE
WHAT IS THE BASE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF RNA NUCLEOTIDES
RIBOSE
SINGLE STRANDED IN HELICAL FORM
CAN ASSUME SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY
LEADING TO SPECIALIZED FORMS OF RNA (tRNA AND rRNA)
GUANINE CYTOSINE ADENINE URACIL
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PYRIMIDINE AND PURINE BASES
THYMINE AND CYTOSINE ARE PYRIMIDINES
ADENINE AND GUANINE ARE PURINES
THEY ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER BECAUSE OF EACH HAS THE COMPLIMENTARY 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE THAT MATCHES ITS PAIR
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF A DNA STRAND
PHOSPHODIESTER BACKBONE
HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARY (PYRIMIDINE-PURINE) BASES
ANTIPARALLEL CONFIGURATION 5' TO 3' FLOW IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
DOUBLE HELIX
DESCRIBE BIDIRECTIONAL DNA SYNTHESIS
ENZYME HELICASE UNZIPS DNA DOUBLE STRAND INTO SINGLE STRAND BY BREAKING HYDROGEN BONDS
ONE LEADING
ONE LAGGING
ENZYME PRIMASE SYNTHESIZES AN RNA PRIMER
ENZYME DNA POLYMERASE III ADDS BASES TO THE NEW DNA CHAIN AND PROOF READS FOR MISTAKES
ENZYME DNA POLYMERASE I REMOVES PRIMER, CLOSES GAPS AND REPAIRS MISTAKES
ENZYME LIGASE FINAL BINDING OF NICKS IN DNA DURING SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR
TOPOISOMERASES I AND II SUPERCOILING AND UNTANGLING
DESCRIBE LEADING STRAND SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIZED CONTINUOUSLY BY DNA POLYMERASE III
DESCRIBE LAGGING STRAND SYNTHESIS
PRIMASE SYNTHESIZES RNA PRIMER
DNA POLYMERASE III ADDS BASES TO THE NEW DNA CHAIN IN SECTIONS CALLED OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
DNA POYMERASE I REMOVES PRIMER, CLOSES GAPS
LIGASE FINAL BINDING OF NICKS IN DNA DURING SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR
WHY DOES LEADING AND LAGGING STRAND SYNTHESIS OCCUR
BECAUSE OF SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION
MORE EFFICIENT TO REPLICATE TWO STRANDS AT THE SAME TIME
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
RNA POLYMERASE STARTS AT THE PROMOTER REGION
RNA POLYMERASE CONTINUES DOWN THE TEMPLATE STRAND AND SYNTHESIZES A COMPLEMENTARY RNA STRAND USING GUANINE ADENINE CYTOSINE AND URACIL
RNA POLYMERASE REACHES THE TERMINATION SEQUENCE AND STOPS SYNTHESIS FINISHING THE mRNA
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
WHAT IS THE SIZE DIFFERENCE IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES: 70S
EUKARYOTES: 80S
WHAT DOES THE AUG START CODON CODE FOR IN PROKARYOTES
FORMYL METHIONINE
WHAT IS PROKARYOTIC CELL EFFICIENCY IN PRE AND POST TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION
POST TRANSLATIONAL : SOME MUST HAVE STARTING AMINO ACID REMOVED
COFACTORS MUST BE ADDED TO PROTEINS DESTINED TO BECOME ENZYMES
SOME JOIN OTHER PROTEINS TO FORM QUATERNARY STRUCTURES
DESCRIBE THE STEPS OF AN INDUCIBLE OPERON (LAC OPERON)
OPERON NORMALLY IN "OFF" MODE WHICH IS MAINTAINED BY A REPRESSOR IN THE ABSENCE OF LACTOSE BY BINDING TO THE OPERATOR LOCUS
WHEN LACTOSE IS PRESENT IT BINDS TO THE REPRESSOR PROTEIN CHANGING IT AND DISLODGING IT FROM THE OPERATOR ALLOWING RNA POLYMERASE TO BIND TO THE PROMOTER AND PROCEED
STRUCTURAL GENES ARE TRANSCRIBED IN A SINGLE UNBROKEN TRANSCRIPT CODING FOR ALL THREE ENZYMES
DESCRIBE THE STEPS OF A REPRESSIBLE OPERON (TRYPTOPHAN OPERON)
NAME THE THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN OPERON
REGULATOR
CONTROL LOCUS
STRUCTURAL LOCUS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE REGULATOR IN AN OPERON
GENE THAT CODES FOR A PROTEIN CAPABLE OF REPRESSING THE OPERON
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CONTROL LOCUS IN AN OPERON
COMPOSED OF THE PROMOTER AND THE OPERATOR, A SEQUENCE THAT ACTS AS AN ON/OFF SWITCH
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE STRUCTURAL LOCUS IN AN OPERON
MADE UP OF THREE GENES, EACH CODING FOR A DIFFERENT ENZYME NEEDED TO CATABOLIZE LACTOSE
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF CONJUGATION
GRAM NEGATIVE CONJUGATION
F' FACTOR ALLOWS THE SYNTHESIS OF A CONJUGATIVE SEX PILUS
RECIPIENT CELL HAS A RECOGNITION SITE ON ITS SURFACE
F+ CELL HAS THE PLASMID
F- CELL THAT LACKS PLASMID
SEX PILUS GROWS OUT OF THE F+ CELL AND ATTACHES TO THE SURFACE OF THE F- CELL
CONTRACTS AND DRAWS THE CELLS TOGETHER
GRAM POSITIVE
AN OPENING IS CREATED BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT CELLS
REPLICATED DNA PASSES FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF TRANSDUCTION
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AND F+ AND AN F- CELL
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE F- CELL AFTER CONJUGATION
WHAT IS THE BIOMEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PLASMIDS AND SOME OF THE CAPABILITIES THEY CODE FOR
HAVE RESISTANCE (R) PLASMIDS OR FACTORS BEAR GENES FOR RESISTING ANTIBIOTICS AND OTHER DRUGS
RESISTANCE TO HEAVY METALS
SYNTHESIS OF VIRULENCE FACTORS
WHAT MAKES A CELL A HIGH FREQUENCY RECOMBINANT (Hfr) DONOR
PLASMIDS BECOMES INTEGRATED INTO THE F+ DONOR CHROMOSOME
BEGINS TO TRANSFER TO THE RECIPIENT CELL
SOME CHROMOSOMAL GENES GET TRANSFERRED TO THE RECIPIENT
PLASMID GENES MAY OR MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED
WHAT IS GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION
WHAT IS SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION
WHAT ARE TRANSPOSONS
WHAT IS A MISSENSE MUTATION
EFFECT
WHAT IS A NON-SENSE MUTATION
EFFECT
WHAT IS A SILENT MUTATION
EFFECT
WHAT IS A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
EFFECT
WHAT IS A BACK MUTATION
EFFECT
WHAT CAUSES SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS
WHAT CAUSES INDUCED MUTATIONS
WHAT IS THE PROOF-READING MECHANISM OF DNA POLYMERASE III
WHAT IS THE PROOF-READING MECHANISM OF DNA POLYMERASE I
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF EXCISION
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF NUCLEOTIDE REPLACEMENT
WHAT IS THE PROCESS AND FUNCTION OF THE PCR
FUNCTION: TO AMPLIFY THE AMOUNT OF DNA
PROCESS:
DENATURATION - RAISE TEMP TO 94 CELCIUS TO BREAK HELIX INTO 2 STRANDS
PCR COOLS DOWN TO 54 CELCIUS AND
PRIMING - PRIMERS ARE ADDED WHICH PREPARE TWO DNA STRANDS FOR SYNTHESIS
EXTENSION - PCR IS HEATED TO 72 CELCIUS AND DNA POLYMERASE AND NUCLEOTIDES ARE ADDED
NEW STRANDS ARE SYNTHESIZED
= 1 CYCLE
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
FUNCTION: TO PRODUCE A READABLE PATTERN OF DNA FRAGMENTS
PROCESS:
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES ARE ADDED TO DNA TO CHOP THEM UP INTO SMALLER PIECES
SAMPLES ARE PLACED IN COMPARTMENTS IN A SOFT AGAR GEL
ELECTRODES ARE ATTACHED TO THE PLATE + ON ONE END - ON THE OTHER END
PHOSPHATE GROUPS HAVE A - CHARGE AND ARE ATTRACTED TO THE + POLE IN THE GEL
LARGER FRAGMENTS MOVE MORE SLOWLY WHILE SMALLER FRAGMENTS MOVE MORE QUICKLY LEAVING UNIQUE GENETIC FINGERPRINTS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PLASMIDS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING