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Alfred Binet
- Determined IQ ( mental age divided by actual age)
- was asked to find a way to determine if students needed alternate education
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Charles Spearmen
- Developed the 2 factor theory of intelligence
- observed positive correlations between measures of mental abilities
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Intelligence
- A multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways.
- -reason logically
- -plan effectively
- - grasps and visualize concepts
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Henry Goddard
- Translated the Binet-Simon scale
- Coined the term moron ( and defined idiot and imbecile)
- assumed that intellect is an innate ability and is inherited
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Lewis Terman
- Made the quotient for IQ using Stanford-Binet test
- argued for restraint or elimination of those whose intelligence is too low
- importance of identifying gifted children
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L.L Thurstone
- Defined primary mental abilities
- refined factorv analysis - rotation of principle factors
- different PMA could yield the same overall iq
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Primary Mental abilities
- made by L.L Thurstone
- 7 of them
- verbal comprehension
- word fluency
- computation
- spatial visualization
- associatve memory
- perceptual speed
- reason
- reasoning
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Army Alpha test
For literate recruits
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Army Beta test
for illiterate recruits
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David Weschler
- spearmen's G to simplistic
- Developed the deviation quotient IQ
- IQ is a multifacet aggregate of abilities
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2 factor theory of intelligence
- made by Spearmen
- involves "g" - variance being accounted for either by specific components
- "e" error components
- "s" specific components
- High "g" indicates a better test to predict intelligence
- Low or moderate correlations resulted in measures of specific factors
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Crystalized intelligence
"Gc" includes acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture
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Fluid intelligence
Gf - nonverbal, relatively culture free, and independent of specific instruction
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Maintained abilities
abilities that do not decline with age and many return to preinjury levels following brain damage
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3 stratum theory of cognitive abilities
- First strata: General Intelligence
- Second strata:
- Fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval capacity, broad cognitive speediness, and decision speed.
- Third strata: Level factors
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Hierarchical model
all the abilities are subsumed or incorporated in the strata above.
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Psychoeducational assessment
Identifying tests from different batteries that could be used to provide a comprehensive assessment of the persons abilities
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Robert Sternberg
- Made the Triarchic theory of intelligence
- Person x Context match
- Spearman was straight up wrong
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Triarchic theory of intelligence
- Analytic
- Creative
- Practical
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Flynn Effect
IQ scores increase from generation to generation in all countries
Gains of 5 to 25 points
- Due to advancements in society ( and increase in abstract problem solving)
- IQ tests must be restandardized and now measure more then innate ability
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WAIS - IV
- gold standard in intelligence testing
- provides information of intellectual functioning, presence or absences of significant intellectual disability, and provides clues to altered functions
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WAIS - IV (2008)
- Updated the norms
- extended range of age range
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