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The Jewish Sabbath, from Friday at sundown until Saturday at sundown
Shabbat
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Ceremonial family blessing and meal Friday night to welcome the Sabbath
Kiddush
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The special braided bread baked specially for the Sabbath meal
Challah
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A family ceremony on Saturday night marking the end of Sabbath
Havdalah
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The term which describes the Jewish "kosher" dietary laws
Kashrut
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The term describing food as "fit" or "proper" in Judaism
Kosher
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The word means "torn" and describes un-kosher food
Treif
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This word describes foods which are considered "neutral"
Pareve
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Covenant biblical circumcision for Jewish males
Brit Mila
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A ceremony where 13 year old Jewish boys become "son of the commandment"
Bar Mitzvah
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A similar ceremony (in Reform Judaism) for girls who have turned 12 years old
Bat Mitzvah
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The term means "walk" or "way" -- describes the body of Jewish law and practice
Halakah
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The most sacred prayer in Judaism - repetition in Hebrew of Deuteronomy 6:4-9
Shema
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The Jewish "prayer shawl" with colored bands and fringes
Talit
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A linen undershirt with fringes worn by some Orthodox men
Talit Katan
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The biblical Hebrew term for "fringe" -- the fringes worn on the Talit prayer shawl
Tzitzit
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Small leather prayer boxes bound to the head and arm during prayer
Tefilin
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The word means "doorpost" -- a small container with a scripture passage inside
Mezuza
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Jewish "skull cap" worn by males for prayer and sacred occasions
Kippa
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Hebrew term for the ram's horn blown on Rosh Ha-Shannah and holy occasions
Shofar
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Hebrew term for "lamp" with multiple arms
Menorah
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The Jewish New Year, beginning day of the month of Fall holidays
Rosh Ha-Shannah
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The biblical Day of Atonement, a solemn day of fasting in Judaism
Yom Kippur
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Rosh Ha-Shannah, followed by Yom Kippur, ten days later
High Holy Days
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The weeklong Feast of Tabernacles (or Booths) each Fall
Sukkot
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The "eighth" additional holiday right after the seven days of Sukkot
Shemini Atzeret
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The "joyful day of Torah" at the end of the Sukkot week each Fall
Simhat Torah
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The biblical Spring festival of Passover (Unleavened Bread)
Pessah/Pessach
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The ritual feast (meal) of Passover, the term means "order"
Seder
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The biblical Feast of Weeks, early Summer festival 50 days after Pessah
Shavuot/Shavuos
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The "Ninth of Av" -- summer day of mourning destruction of the temple
Tisha Be-Av
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The term means "dedication" -- refers to the Winter "Feast of Dedication"
Hanukah
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This is the specific term for the nine-armed Hanukah menorah
Hanukiah
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A small, four sided top which children play with at Hanukah
Driedel
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The early Spring celebration involving the reading of the story of Esther
Purim (Lots)
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The term for mystical (even magical) Jewish traditions of the middle ages
Kabalah
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The Jewish meeting house or house of worship (house of assembly)
Synagogue
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Sadducees
Tzadukim or Zadokites
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wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls
Essene
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written law delivered to Moses at Mount Sinai
Torah
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Oral law delivered to Moses but not written
Mishnah
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Rabbis' commentary on the meaning of the written Mishnah
Gemara
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Mishnah combined with Gemara
Talmud
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"sent one" ambassador
apostolos
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"manager" Bishop
episkopos
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taught that the Logos or Son of God should be differentiated from God the Father
Justin Martyr (100-165)
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First to use the term trinity
Tertullian (160-225)
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taught that the Father, Son, and Spirit are modes of the same single God, and that there is no essential difference between them
Sabellius (215)
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The Father and Son are two distinct persons (hypostases) - Son = premortal Logos creator with the Father, and Mediator ... sharply opposed modalism of Sabellius
Origen (185-254)
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Compromise language, which attempted to accommodate both views: those bishop who advocated "trinity," and those who advocated three individuals in the Godhead
Nicene Creed 325 AD
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same substance
homoousios
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similar substance
homoiousios
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the term for the system of belief
Islam
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term for the individual believer
Muslim
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the majority of Islam
Sunni Islam
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the large minority of Islam
Shi'ite Islam
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the small mystic minority
Sufi Islam
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The central religious text of Islam
Quran
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Islamic traditions and history (about Muhammad) not in the Quran
Hadith
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the term for the collective body of Islamic law required of society
Sharia
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witness, testimony
shahada
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Muhammad marries Khadija (40 years old, he only 25)
AD 595
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Muhammad receives first vision
610
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Muhammad's year of trial:
Khadija died
Abu Talib died
AD 619
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Muhammad's Jerusalem vision
619 "Night Journey"
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The Hijra (flight) date
622 AD
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religious capital of Islam
Mecca
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Muhammad's political capital
Medina
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fasting season is the month of...
Ramadan
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sixth pillar - holy struggle or holy war
Jihad
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