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bacterial genomes contain fewer genes and base pairs in haploid genomes than other organisms

haploid genome of most bacteria allows all mutations to be observed directly, w/o interference from dominance interactions between alleles

bacteria produce prolifically, generation time is measured in minutes

large number of clonal progeny can be examined, increasing likehood that statistically rare events will be observed.

microbes grow in liquid or culture plates. cultures are easy and enexpensive to maintain, require little lab space.

mutants easily created, i.d, isolated, and manipulated for examination.

transfer of replicated DNA from donor bacterium to recipient

uptake of DNA from environment by recipient bacterium

transfer of DNA from donor to recipient by way of viral vector

closed circular molecule of double-stranded DNA.

small double stranded circular DNA

Contains nonessential genes, used infrequently or under special conditions.

kind of plasmid

contains genes that promote own transfer from donor bacterium to recipient.

kind of plasmid

carries antibiotic resistance genes, can be transferred from donors to recipients.

process of gene transfer

transfers some of its genetic information to other cell,(RECIPIENT CELL)

aka conjugation tube

• genetic information travels thru this to recipient cell.
•  
• connectes donor to recipient

donor cell-contains F plasmid

recipient cell-receives DNA does not contain f factor

exoconjugant cell-produced by conjugation.

produced by conjugation, is essentially recipient cell that has had its genetic content modified.

insertion sequence elements

mobile segments of bacterial DNA that are capable of transporting themselves throughout bacterial genome.

Circular DNA elements like plasmid

can replicate independently of bacterial chromosome

can integrate into bacterial chromosome and replicate as part of chromosome

f factor produces such protein after contacting conjugation pilus

binds to origin of transfer (oriT)

unidirectional mode of DNA replication used to replicate circular plasmid, in which replicating circular molecule appears to reel off its nontemplate DNA Strand, using other as template for replication

site within fertility factor sequence where transfer to recipient cell is initiated.

high frequency recombination

donor bacterial strain containing and f factor integrated into its chromosome.

AKA hfr chromosome

contains compounds that permit only ex-conjugants with specific genotypes to grow,

prevent growth of donor cell recipient cells

cessation of cojugation caused by breakage of conjugation tube

stops conjugation before Hfr chromosome can be completely transferred from donor to recipient.

kind of experimental strategy that can map the order of donor genes and to determine the distances between genes

"F" prime

contains functional but altered f factor derived from imperfect excision of the F factor out of the Hfr chromosome

donor cells carrying an F' factor

exconjugant bacterium that acquires a second copy of one or more genes by conjugation with an F' donor cell

six step process in which bacteriophages seek out and attach to host cell.

leads to lysis of the host cell

lysis releases up to 200 progeny phage particles

attach- phage to host cell

Injection- phage chromosome into host cell

replication- of phage DNA, copy of phage chromosomoe is required for each of phage progeny

Transcription and translation of phage genes

packing of phage chromosomes into phage heads

lysis of host cell

bacteriophage can integrate into the bacterial host chromosome and produce either lytic or lysogenic life cycle

life cycle of bacterium infected by a temperate bacteriophage that integrates into the host chromosome and replicates along with it.

comes to an end

can persis for many bacterial replication and division but ends

resumes

phage DNA

attachment of phage to host

injection of phage chromosome into host

integration of phage chromosome into host chromosome

excision of prophage

resumption of lytic cycle

bacterium that is product of transduction

transduction of a random segment of a donor chromosome into a recipient cell by a transducing phage.

transfer of any bacterial gene, can be accomplished by bacteriophages that dont descriminate between phage and host DNA

accomplished only by temperate phages, genes are limited tho those close to site pf prophage integration.