-
What type of tissue regenerates?
Epithelial tissue
-
What reversable cellular adaption results from increased cardiac demand?
Hypertrophy
-
Cellular adaption that causes calluses; reversable.
Hyperplasia
-
Pre-cancerous abnormal cells
Dysplasia
-
Malignant
- Gains access to blood and lymph channels enableing matastasis; grows by invasion
- Initiates the coagulation cascade
- NON-CONTACT INHIBITION
- Anaplasia - cells dont ressemble the cells of origin
-
Benign
- Grows
- by expansion without invasion; usually
encapsulated - Resemble tissues of origin
- Usually slow/progressive growth; no metastasis
-
Mechanisms of metastasis
- The lymphatic system drawn in by the tumor passes subclone metastatic cells into the circulatory where they travel to other areas penetrate the blood vessel and start growing a secondary tumor
- Initiates the inflammatory process
-
Clinical manifestations associated with cancer
- Fatigue
- Emaciation
- Wasting
- Lack of energy
- increased risk of infection - Nutrients are going to the tumor
- Edema
-
Modifiable risk factor for cancer
-
Non-modifiable risk factor to cancer
-
Protoncogenes
- Makes things grow
- Like the gas pedal
-
Cancer Grading
- Grade may change
- 1-4
- 1 = most likely to resemble tissue of origin
- 4 = usually anaplastic
- Grading done by microscopic evaluation of how anaplastic the cells have become
-
Cancer staging
- Evaluated by the organ systems involved
- Size of the tumor
- Level and amount of metastasis
-
Complications of chemotherapy
- Immunosuppressant
- Lack of drainage/infection
- Nausea/Vommiting
- Effects the most rapidly dividing cells
-
Systemic effects of inflammation
- Fever
- Edema
- Increased HR
- Leukocytosis - increase in wbc's
- Confusion
-
Chemicals of inflammation
- Histamines: makes the blood vessels more permeable/fast response, associated with serotonin and mast cells
- Leukotrines/prostaglandins: increase vascular permeability/slow response
-
Purpose of exudates
- Dilutes out any toxin that will be released at the site of injury
- Helps drain the lymphatic out of the area
-
Which type of immunity is effected by bone marrow depression
Both Cell-mediated and Humoral
-
-
Active immunity
- Immunization
- Vaccine
- Actually having the disease
-
Type 2 sensitivity reaction
Causes the compliment cascade to increase toxicity to the cells
-
Type 3 sensitivity reaction
- Humoral
- Immune complexes build up
- Inflammatory responses cause complications
-
Type 4 sensitivity reaction
Is delayed due to weakly antigenic molecules in need of CD4 cells to build upon
-
AIDS HAART Meds
Stop protein synthesis from happening which doesn't allow the DNA & RNA to replicate
-
Hormones responsible for body fluid regulation
-
Mechanisms for edema formation
- Increased capillary permiability
- Decreased oncotic capillary pressure
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Lymphatic obstruction
-
Compensation for dehydration
- Increased thirst
- Decreased urine output
- Increased ADH/Aldosterone production
- Increased respiration/HR
-
Pupose of sodium
Manage the osmolality of fluids
-
What type of calcium needs to monitored in cardiac/renal failure patients
Ionized calcium
-
Third Spacing
- Enlarged abdomen is a common = ascites
- Floating guts
-
Antibodies
Specific defence
-
Hyper-kalemia
- Produced by metabolic acidosis
- Cardiac arrest
- Muscle paralysis
- Muscles are all locked - too much K+
-
Hypo-kalemia
- Produced by vommiting, diarrhea, diuretics, alcoholism
- Cardiac dysrythmias
- Week contractions
- Muscles don't have enough gas
-
Hyper-calcemia
- Produced by Increased PTH, Vit D, and meds
- Bone demineralization
- Increased risk for kidney stones
-
Hypo-calcemia
- Produced by intestinal malabsorption, decreased Vit D, hypoparathyroidism
- Week cardiac contractions
- Bleeding
-
Hyper-natremia
- Produced by excess salt intake or decreased fluid intake
- Cellular dehydration
- Edema/cerebral ededma
- Increased BP
-
Hypo-natremia
- Produced by vommiting, diarrhea, diuretics, or excess sweating
- Hypovolemia
- Decreased BP
-
Hyper-magnesemia
- Rare usually due to renal insufficiencies
- Decreased reflexes
-
Hypo-magnesemia
Produced by decreased intake (malnutrition/malabsoption), excessive urination,
|
|
