resp 1

• – Gas Exchange:• Provide O2• Eliminate CO2
• – Regulate blood pH
• – Speech
• –Defense

• • Nose, sinuses
• • Pharynx

• • Larynx
• • Trachea
• • Bronchial Tree
• • Thoracic Cavity

• – Nose, nasal cavity
• – Pharynx
• – Larynx
• – Trachea
• – Bronchi
• – Bronchioles => Terminal Bronchioles

• – Respiratorybronchioles
• – Alveolar Ducts
• – Alveoli

• Function to moisten, warm and filter incoming air. “Air conditioning”
• - also filtering stuff out

Common to respiratoryand digestive systems

• – Incomplete cartilage rings
• – Pseudostratified ciliated columnarepithelium
• - has a mucous escalator - goblet cells makes the mucous which traps particle and moves it up towards the pharynx

Removed inhaled debris. Also are mucus-secreting Goblet cells inthis epithelium

contrict

• – Primary Bronchi
• – Secondary Bronchi
• – Tertiary Bronchi

contrict and dilate

– Cartilage: cartilage plates => no cartilage

– Epithelium: ciliated => cuboidal,non-ciliated

– Smooth Muscle: increasingamounts – most in bronchioles.Bronchiolar diameter candecrease (bronchoconstriction)or increase (bronchodilation)

• simple squamous epithelium cells
• - one layer
• - allows for gas exchange

• cuboidal epithelium cells- make surfactant
• - required for your lungs to expand
• - lots of alveolar macrophages present

site of exchange (the surface across which the gasses have to move) - includes the epithelial cells of the alveoli plus the pulmonary capillary endothelium cells which are also simple squamouns epithelium better answer: consists of alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas.*Gas exchanges occurs by simple diffusion across the respiratory membrane.

• Barrier between air (alveolus) and blood (capillary) is ~ .2 micron. (RBC diameter = .7 micron.)

• Surface area of respiratory membrane = area of tennis cour

• - Thorax
• - Pleural Sac

• – Thoracic vertebrae
• – Ribs (+ intercostalmuscles)
• – Sternum
• – Diaphragm = “floor”

• – Double (serous)membrane
• – Visceral pleura
• – Parietal pleura
• – Intrapleural fluid

– Pressure in intrapleural fluid,about 4 mm Hg less thanPATM (and up to ~ 7 mm Hgless during inspiration)

• (PTP = PALV – PIP)*
• – Pressure across lung wall
• – Holds lungs open

• • Gunshot or stab woundto chest wall à“Sucking Wound” andcollapse of lung
• • SpontaneousPneumothorax – smalltear in lung

(C3-C4)

• • RespiratoryPassageway Resistance
• • Diameter ofbronchioles

• – Controlled by smoothmuscle
• – Parasympatheticstimulation: constricts
• – Sympatheticstimulation; EPI: dilatebronchioles

• • Increased smoothmuscle constriction (andairway constriction) => increased resistance toairflow
• • Increased mucus
• • Smoke, stress, exercisecan exacerbate

• • Lung elasticity
• • Alveolar surface tension
• • Surfactant

type II(cuboidal) alveolarepithelial cells

• • Anything decreasing lung elasticity
• • Obstructions of bronchi or
• • Increased surface tension ofalveolar fluid– Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• • Decreased elasticity of chest wall/flexibility of thorax smallpassageways