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Metaldehyde is a polymer of what? what is it used for?
- acetaldehyde
- snail/slug bait
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what are clinical signs in small animals who ingest metaldehyde? how long is course of symptoms? is it fatal?
- "shake n bake" = convulsionsand hyperthermia (110)
- hyperesthesia, hypersalivation; acidosis
- *apparent recovery* in 3-4 d. then die from liver failure
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what is treatment for metaldehyde?
- no antidote
- non specific tx (lavage; pentobarb/diazepam)
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paraquat is inactivated when bound to what?
- when bound to clay by soil bacteria
- and sunlight w/in 3 weeks
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what is target tissue for paraquat?
- lung tissue (and kidney)
- (low in superoxide dismutase so susceptible to superoxide produced by paraquat)
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when are signs of paraquat toxicity noted after ingestion? what are CS?
- 3-7 days post ingestion
- lungs and kidney; progressive dyspnea, halitosis and oral erosions
- lung fibrosis; death in 8 days (*apparent recovery*)
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what are PM findings with paraquat?
- pulmonary congestion; pneumomediastinum
- mottled lungs that are hyperinflated; petechia in trachea
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how is paraquat treated? what are some treatments that are contraindicated?
- no antidote
- lavage is very recently ingested
- fuller's earth to bind toxin to clay
- *NO fluids* - aggravates edema; mannitol diuresis
- *avoid oxygen* despite hypoxia
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what is first target organ seen with chlorates? what clinical signs will show up following this?
- GIT signs first then methemoglobin (slow conversion)
- tarry blood from orifices
- occasionally sudden death
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how is chlorate toxicity treated?
antidote for methemoglobinemia = IV methylene blue
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what is mechanism for phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)?
- uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
- decreases ribonuclease synthesis
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what is an early effect of phenoxyacetic acid that is only seen in dogs?
can affect muscle membranes - *myotonia* - posterior weakness
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how is phenoxyacetic acid treated?
- no antidote
- symptomatic - lavage/charcoal, fluids
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What is the chemical in "Round up" that is not very toxic but can cause transient irritation to eyes/skin? what is tx?
- glyphosate
- no antidote; remove source
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what is the fungicide also used in wood preservatives? what is target organ for toxic injury?
- pentachlorophenol
- rapidly absorbed by skin/GIT - acne, dermatitis - impaired liver/kidney - death
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how is pentachlorophenol treated?
- no antidote
- remove source and GI contents; cool animal
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what is the name for the highly toxic and banned compound tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD)? are they stable or labile in the environment?
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how does halogenation of dioxin affect it's toxicity?
the more halogenated, the less toxic they become
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what is lethal dose of ethylene glycol in dogs?
- ~4-6ml/kg (so ~75ml for 10kg dog)
- ~1.5mg/kg in cats
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where is ethylene glycol metabolized and excreted?
- liver and kidneys
- some gets excreted by kidneys unchanged
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what part of ethylen glycol's metabolism is the basis for treatment?
want to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase so EG can't become glycoaldehyde
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what can be found in urine with ethylene glycol toxicity? why is this a problem?
Ca oxalate crystals - cytotoxic to renal tubules
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what are the 3 phases of clinical signs associated w/ethylene glycol and when do they set in post ingestion?
- 30min-6 or 12 hrs: CNS - depression; convulsions, PU/PD; acidosis
- 12-24hr: cardiopulmonary signs - tachypnea from acidosis, PE, vomiting
- 24hr+: hypoCa and renal failure (often oliguric)
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what are lab tests and diagnostic findings for ethylene glycol?
- EGT kit (low SG <1.025)
- hypoCa
- increase anion gap >25mEq
- hyperglycemia
- fluorescent urine and crystalluria
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how is ethylene glycol treated in dogs v. cats?
- dog: omepazole/4methylprazole
- cat: alcohol/ethanol
- both compete for/affiinity for alcohol dehydrogenase so fewer toxic metabolites produced
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Although infrequent, how is alcohol poisoning treated?
4methylprazole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
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