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Earth's regions
- 1. Crust-thin layer of continental and ocean crust
- 2. Mantle-made of rocky material/ hot partially molten material
- 3. Outer core-liquid mantle made of Iron and nickle, change in chemical make up
- 4. Inner core Solid, made out of iron and nickle, 600k temp of surface of sun
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Continental crust vs. Ocean Crust
- 1. Continental - mostly made of granite
- 2. Ocean - basalt; rock that solidifies from molten state
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P waves vs. S waves
- 1. P waves (pressure or primary)
- -sound waves
- -travel through water / liquid
- 2. S waves (secondary or shear)
- -waves like rope
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What does it mean to say earth was differentiated?
- -The highest density materials are at the center and lowest density are at the surface
- -At some point, earth was molten
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What heated surface of earth
- -radioactive elements heat earth from inside
- -planetestimals crashing into surface
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Plate techtonics
- -The crust of earth is broken up into plates that slide over mantle -plate move 1-2 cm year
- -as fast as fingernails grow
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Rifts and subduction zones
- Rift-place where two plates are pushed apart. This makes a new crust
- Subduction zone- place where one piece of crust in pushed under another
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Earth's original atmosphere
- -H2O water vapor condensed to form..
- -Carbon dioxide liquid water oceans
Methane & Ammonia were broken apart by ultra violet light from the sun
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Two things earth has that Venus and mars don't
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How did CO2 get locked inside rocks on earth
- 1. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water
- 2. sea creatures with hard shells use CO2
- 3. Shells compress and become limestone
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Average density of the moon
- 3.3v g/cm3 on a scale where water is 1 g/cm3like density of rock on earths surfaceearth is 5.5 g/cm3
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Moon's core
Small or no iron core
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Highlands vs. Maria
- 1. Highlands- light in color / heavily cratered / original crust of the moon
- 2. Maria- darker / smooth / lava came up
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Brief history of the mon
- 1. 4.5 billion years ago the moon was formed and was completely molten. This solid crust over molten known as highlands
- 2. 4.3-3.9 heavy bombardment
- 3. 3.9-3.0 lava came up and made maria
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Old theories of the moon
- 1. Sister theory-earth and moon formed together just as they are now
- 2. Fission theory-moon broke off from a rapidly rotating earth
- 3. capture theory-moon formed elsewhere and was captured my the earth
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What is earth's sister planet?
Venus because they are the same size and mass
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Terrestrial Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mass
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What do mercury and the moon have in common?
- 1. Completely cratered surface
- 2. Lack of atmosphere
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Spin orbit coupling
Mercury rotates 3 times on its axis for every 2 orbits
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How is rotation of mercury measured
bouncing radio waves from earth off the surface and measuring the reflected signals
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Mercury surface
It is both heavily surfaces and cratered
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Caloris basin
large impact basin that faces the sun at every perihelion
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Why is mercury smooth?
Regions may be so hot they melted
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Scarps
- -long high cliffs created by carps
- -buckling as planet cooled and shrank
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What is the principle gas in the atmosphere of venus?
95% carbon dioxide
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How thick is Venus' atmosphere?
90 times thicker than earth's
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Atmosphere of Mars
- very thin carbon dioxide
- pressure is 6/1000 of earths
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Which terrestrial planet has the largest volcanic mountains
Mars
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Jovian Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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Two most common atoms in Jupiter and Saturn
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What do we believe the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn are like?
Layers of extremely dense gas with small rocky core at center
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Belts and Zones
- Belts-regions of descending gas/ flow in one direction
- Zones-rising gas / blows in opposite directions
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What planets give off more energy than they receive from the sun?
Jupiter and saturn
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What planet is still cooling off from 4.5 billion years ago
Jupiter
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What is happening to the helium on Saturn?
it is sinking into the center of the planet and creating the excess energy
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What are the interiors or Uranus and Neptune like?
Thick and ice
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What gas in Neptune's and Uranus' atmospheres make them appear blue?
Hydrogen
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What does Uranus look like?
Completely turquoise-green ball
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What does Neptune look like?
Swirls of blue and green
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What is unusual about the rotation of Uranus?
Retrograde. Axis of rotation is almost parallel to orbital plain.
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Which of the four Jovial planets has the most extensive ring?
Saturn
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