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the blockage of flow of urine at any point in the urinary tract
urinary tract obstruction
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the distention of the renal pelvis and calices with urine
hydronephrosis
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what does obstruction of the urinary tract lead to?
UTI, hydronephrosis, kidney damage
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type of calculi often found in children
cystine
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calculi caused by an inherited condition, often confused with uric acid stones
xanthine
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calculi often associated with gout, truly radiolucent
uric acid
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calculi present in patients with alkai urine and UTI caused by proteus bacteria; surgery is common treatment
struvite (staghorn)
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80- 85% if urinary stone cases
calcium
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blind pouch within the bladder wall or urethra; urine gets trapped ant pouch gets infected
urinary diverticula
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noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, usually seen in aging men
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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abnormal narrowing of the urethra or ureter; more frequent in males due to the greater length of the male urethra
strictures
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ureteral junction composed of the intravesical ureter, the trigone, and the portion of bladder wall nearest the intravesical ureter
ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
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symptoms include: chronic UTI, palpable perineal mass, urethral stones, pus discharge, painful intercourse
urinary diverticula
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symptoms include: voiding hesitancy, decreased quality of stream, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying, straining to urinate, dribbling after, urgency, nocturia
BPH
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symptoms include: prolonged voiding with weak stream, voiding hesitancy, dysuria, frequency, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence
strictures
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tests for urinary calculi
KUB, IV palogram, urine culture, UA
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test for urinary diverticula
transvaginal ultrasonography, MRI, urethroscopy
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tests for BPH
UA, prostatic specific antigen (PSA), IVP, prostatic ultrasound
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tests for strictures
urine culture, retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
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ESWL
electrocorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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performed to remove large staghorn calculi from the renal parynchyma
nephrolithotomy
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performed to remove one or more stone from the renal pelvis
pyelolithotomy
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removal of the entire kidney
nephrectomy
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removal of stones from the ureter
ureterolithotomy
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removal of stones from the bladder
cystolithotomy
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the three surgical approaches for BPH
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), open simple prostatectomy
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surgical transplantation of the ureter to a different site in the bladder
ureteroneocystotomy
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